Vertical And Horizontal Integration In Tourism.

Vertical And Horizontal Integration In Tourism. Horizontal Integration is when two industries merge together; it is where one business which offers a product takes over another business who offers similar products. An example of horizontal integration is the First Choice Group and this is because they own First Choice Hypermarket as well as First Choice Travel Agency. The reason why they are part of the horizontal integration is because looking at the buying chain they are on the exact same level. Vertical Integration Vertical Integration is when one company expands its business into a variety of different areas; the company buys another similar organisation however it is on a different level of the chain. An example of vertical integration is Virgin Trains which is owned by Virgin Group and also in partnership with the stagecoach. In the travel industry two companies take over one another in order to find out different ways to sell their products and services to their customers. A clear description of the trade and regularity body giving an explanation of their role and how they link to a tour operator: ABTA is the UK travel trade association for tour operators and travel agencies; they have a responsibility which is to help their members grow their business in a sustainable way. ABTA has been around for more than 60 years and it is essential that customers look for the ABTA logo when booking their holidays. The reason for this is because if anything was to go wrong when they are abroad ABTA is there as their security so therefore they will be able to sort out the complaints. Fairness, reliability and expertise is what the ABTA brand stands for and over 1350 companies use ABTA. FTO stands for the Federation of Tour Operators which ensures that UK outbound tour operators are interested in by people as well as providing about 90% of overseas package holidays which are sold in the UK. FTO has become more aware of sustainable tourism and responsible tourism that brings changes in the environment in all areas which are affecting holidays located overseas looking at the safety, hygiene and health requirements. AITO stands for the Association of Independent Tour Operators who offers a high level of customer satisfaction; members who are part of AITO are all small companies which are independent. They all specialise in certain destinations and are owner managed. Tour operators have recently be involved with AITO, their role is to organise activities for different types of holidays including; city breaks, culture, luxury, sports and adventure. CAA stands for the Civil Aviation Authority who is involved with the aviation police keeping charge of all airports; they also make sure that planes are safe before they take off. They ensure that all UK civil aviation standards are achieved and are responsible for four main areas which consists of; economic and airspace policy, consumer protection group, regulation and air safety group. Explain each legal framework and give examples: EU package travel regulations is a package holiday which has to be checked over before selling it to customers to see if it is under the EU law. A package holiday includes; transport, accommodation and excursions for example a trip to the museum or a tour guide. The travel regulations are clearly written so people can understand what cannot and be measured as a package holiday. Trade description act is another law which states that it is wrong to give out false information to customers about a certain product or service. An example of this is a staff working in a travel agency has helped a couple book their honeymoon and has told them that they will be staying at a beach hotel so therefore they walk down the stairs of their room and outside is the path to the beach. The couple get there and does not recognise the area and this is because there is no beach around the area or at the hotel, this is false information about facilities which was given to the customers by a member of staff in a travel agency. Consumer protection act all relates to safety and price, it protects all consumers from false pricing. This Act has three different rules to remember and they are; information must be basic and clear when it is given to all consumers, suppliers must all confirm any purchases made and if a package is wrong and they are not happy with the purchase consumers therefore need to be given a time in order to think and change their mind if it is needed. ATOL licence stands for the Air Transport Operations Licence which is a UK Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) system which protects all people who have bought a package holiday as well as flights from a tour operator. ATOL protects customers from losing out on any money and offers and also covers accommodation and flights being booked as one. D) A grid showing external influences that could affect Tour Operators with examples: Political An example of this is terrorism, the Bali bombings on 12th October 2002 was a terrorist attack which happened on an Indonesian Island called Kuta. From this attack there were 202 deaths and the number of people that were injured was 240, everyone in Bali from the surrounding areas where the attack occurred shows pictures from the bombings and these have been kept to show others what really happened and how it affected everyone. Tour operators lost out on some money as they had to stop selling package holidays and flights to Bali because of the terrorist attacks, the number of visitors dropped a huge amount. It decreased from 33,000 people to 32,000 and now this year it has increased to 52,000. Economic An example of this is fuel prices from the aircrafts, if this increases then when customers book their holiday tickets this will then therefore increase as well. International Air Transport Association (IATA) updates their website now and again on prices of the jet fuel, prices all vary on where the fuel is bought for example the country and how long a flight will take. Tour operators are allowed to increase their prices as well as advertising new fuel supplements, prices can be adjusted now and again according to charges being made. Customers will be able to see a breakdown of their flight ticket when booking a holiday showing the different prices. Social An example of this is religion which has become really popular in the world today especially holiday trips abroad to religious cities. The most popular religious trip is to Lourdes in France, six million people visit a year to ask for healing either for themselves because they are sick or for family and friends who they love. Lourdes is where miracles can happen, visitors can renew their faith and bathe in the cold water where they go in naked with a towel wrapped around them but come out completely dry. Religious trips to the same country could affect tour operators when they book them because they could get bored after a while booking to the same country for their customers over and over again. However some tour operators may know little about religious trips which can lead to customers being very disappointed and not return back to that travel agent to book their holidays in the future. Technological An example of this is online booking using the internet either at home or at work, this saves customers going to the shop and booking their holiday. Checking in on mobile phones is also acceptable as there are apps which people can download and do everything on there. Check-in must be done at least couple of hours before departure as well as printing out your boarding pass if needed. Tour Operators will earn less money than usual; this means there will be less work for travel agents therefore they will get bored easily as no customers are entering the store. Staff working at the travel agencies will feel it is a waste of time learning basic information for the different countries and they will also give up on decorating their store and shop windows if everyone has decided to book their flights and accommodation using technology. Staff may give up after a while and quit their job if they feel they are not doing anything for a whole day. Environmental An example of this is the volcanic ash cloud which started off from Iceland and slowly expanded across Europe in 2010. British Airways cancelled all their Long Haul and Short Haul flights, Ryanair which is a budget airline cancelled every single flight of theirs to and from the UK and Thomson Airways also cancelled every single flight. Out of 22,000 flights only 5,000 flights were running when the volcanic ash cloud appeared, in result customers were required to call their airline up before departure time to check if their flight was still going ahead. Flights which could no longer go ahead as normal and part of a package deal, it was then the tour operators task to cover every single cost however only if it is protected by Air Transport Operations Licence ATOL. This role can affect all tour operators because they will be getting a number of complaints and calls from customers every single minute, this gives them a high responsibility within the role and a lot of patience. This is ha rd work for them to control by themselves because not every customer is patient and nice so the reason it can affect staff from travel agents because they can also get into trouble if they answer back and act really rude and disobedient towards their customers. E) A factsheet showing the challenges to a tour operator: RESPONSIBLE TOURISM: First Choice offers a green brochure which includes hotels that has been given a Travelife Award for their responsibility of the environment. First Choice staffs are all able to download this brochure from the website to show customers when they enter the store and book a holiday with them because some people are interested in looking after different environments. There are a variety of choices looking at sustainability for travellers; activities and excursions. Projects from the World Care Fund are also included in order to show their ideas and care of the environment, the brochure allows customers to book their package holidays in a simple way when looking for countries abroad that relate to looking after the environment. MAINTAINING THE MARKET SHARE: Thomson Group is one of the popular tour operators which owns a variety of hotels across the world, one of the hotels is called Hotel Annabelle in Paphos. The hotel offers a variety of features; meals, swimming pool, entertainment, activities, facilities and special offers. Thomson also has rights towards transport and accommodation, they offer; private transfers which is a taxi straight to the hotel and reserve seats before departure for every single customer. Check-in before departure to avoid queuing up in the airport and customers are allowed every single benefit option however this can only be allowed if customers have booked a package holiday. Thomson also owns over 50 different aircrafts, they update their website now and again to improve their services and to advertise new products. TRENDS TOWARDS INDEPENDENT TRAVEL: Dynamic packaging which is very similar to a packaged holiday but the only difference is dynamic packaging has more of a variety of choices as an independent traveller. An example of dynamic packaging is as follows: hotel choice + flight choice + airport transfer choice. It is much cheaper in price and this is because everything needed for a holiday is put altogether. Tour Operators can lose out on earning money given by customers after booking their holiday because now everyone prefers to put their own packaged holiday together. If some customers do not know how to do so they can start charging customers who need the help. The way a company runs its business can be affected only when they lose out on money which means fewer customers are booking their holidays in travel agencies.

Keeping the importance of QA for e-Learning

Keeping the importance of QA for e-Learning, it is of import to develop model for formal quality confidence of e-learning content. As a first measure to this quality prosodies have to be developed that can be used for quantifying the assorted quality parametric quantities of an e-Learning tool and the content. The development of quality prosodies and the model can go the base for developing the QA tools, which can roll up informations on assorted facets, analyze and arrive at quality steps utilizing well- understood theoretical accounts and so rate the e- Learning environments. How does one define quality? In peculiar it is non easy to exactly make up one's mind what constitutes quality of instruction. Different individuals may hold different positions of quality. There are two facets of quality in the educational context: quality of the system as a whole and quality of what the system offers to the pupils or the scholars. In cotrast to conventional instruction quality covers assorted elements of face-to-face instruction like the substructure and basic comfortss, societal & amp ; geographical environment, professional instruction competency, administrative and finance staff, rightness and relevancy of the course of study, teaching-learning stuffs, teaching-learning procedures, community support to the establishment, public presentation rating of the module, scholars ie. pupils and the system as a whole.Meaning of quality in e-learningLearning results are at the bosom of respondents ‘ apprehension of quality in the field of e-learning. When we talk abo ut quality in e-learning, we assume an inexplicit consensus about the term ‘quality ‘ . In fact, nevertheless, ‘quality ‘ agencies really different things to most e-learning suppliers. Harvey and Green ( 2000 ) , ( and see Ehlers, 2004, pp. 52-56 ) have suggested the following set of classs: ( a ) exceptionality, ( B ) flawlessness or consistence, ( degree Celsius ) fittingness for intent, ( vitamin D ) adequate return, ( vitamin E ) transmutation The last perceptual experience of quality, transmutation, is the most relevant to the pedagogical procedure. It describes the addition in competency or ability as a consequence of the larning procedure as transmutation. In order to do these classs manageable for respondents, they were operationalised as follows in the survey: Sing everything asked so far, which of the undermentioned statements best represents your ain personal apprehension of quality? Please choose merely the one component from the list below which best represents your ain sentiment. Harmonizing to the paper New Developments in Technology Enabled Education presented by Professor Singaperumal these points were put A clear and documented demand for 450000 seats ; the demand is increasing exponentially Even to keep the current degrees of admittances a new major university is needed every hebdomad in India entirely to run into the demand! Therefore on a monolithic graduated table online instruction is emerging as an of import market and thereby besides offering a concern chance to some establishments choosing for an instruction concern model out of it. With these ideas in head, and the huge chance in footings of possible pupils in the higher instruction, the scene has to alter quickly to switch the paradigm.THE NeedE-Learning is the larning experience that is delivered or enabled by electronic engineering. The bringing of acquisition or content can be over the intra-net, extra-net or over the Internet, via CD-ROM, synergistic Television, or satellite broadcast. In footings of construction, pupil Numberss have been detonating on university campuses. The universities have been loath to alter their plans, both in content and bringing. They are confronting challenges from alternate suppliers of instruction and preparation, with more focal point on employability ; the university professors represent a strain of calling faculty members who are rather stray and insulated from the alterations in the existent universe around them ; distance acquisition is considered 2nd best, even though universities are hard pressed to explicate the high q uality of the traditional schoolroom processes in set uping cognition transportation.INDIAN HIGHER EDUCATION SCENARIOE-learning or electronic acquisition in India is deriving prominence easy, but so steadily. This is due to the fact that more than half the population of India today is below 25 old ages of age and the Numberss of Internet users are turning continuously. The enormous growing of the economic system in the recent yesteryear has besides helped in the growing of on-line instruction in India. E-learning in India is specially popular with the immature professionals who have joined the work force rather early but still would wish to go on their instruction that may assist them travel up their calling ladder rapidly and safely. They find on-line instruction in India really convenient, as the nature of the class work does non necessitate them to go to regular categories. Furthermore reputed institutes like Indian Institute of Management, Indian Institute of Technology, Indian Institute of Foreign Trade are today offering e-learning classs. INDIA is encompassing e-learning in a large manner. India has learned lessons from the success of the e-way in the West and today the inexorable educational image is being replaced by e-governance's-classroom, e-tutorials. It is a affair of pride for the state in general and bureaus in peculiar for the popularisation of the mission manner programmes on e-governance. The major advantage of e-learning is that it is self-paced and acquisition is done at the scholar ‘s gait. The content can be repeated until the trainee understands it. E acquisition is synergistic excessively. With the growing of e-learning, more and more students will choose for it, as there would be no concern that the math instructor will crush them for a amount gone incorrect. Besides, there will besides be no fright of coming tardily to category and so standing outside the schoolroom waiting for permission to come in. More and more on the job professionals would be interested in larning the e-way because of flexibleness that e-learning offer. E-learning will shortly go a great tool to heighten makings and acquiring publicities in the occupation market. So, to sum up, the hereafter of e-learning is bright. However, there is important cognition keeping. High quality e-learning solutions are being developed in India with the right engineering and industry support in sectors every bit distinguishable as steel, IT, automobiles, cement and telecom. Industry spectators estimate that because of its advantages, India is bound to turn in stature as the hub for e-learning programmes. In 2002, deliberations of assorted commissions were held that led to the puting up of the UGC-INFONET towards the terminal of 2004. UGC besides joined this campaign of presenting e-learning. Wholly funded by UGC, UGC-INFONET provides electronic entree to scholarly literature available over the Internet in all countries of larning to the university sector in India. Yet another undertaking to supply web based preparation is the National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning ( NPTEL ) , which is being funded by the Ministry of Human Resource Development ( MHRD. ) This was first conceived in 1999, to pave the manner for presenting multimedia and web engineering to heighten acquisition of basic scientific discipline and technology constructs, was launched in September 2006. Significant substructure has been set up for production of video-based learning stuff by the Indian Institutes of Technology ( IIT ) , the Bangalore based Indian Institutes of Sciences ( IISc ) and Technical Teacher Training Institutes ( TTTI. ) Gyan Darshan, which was launched on January 26, 2000, as an sole higher instruction Television channel to supply quality distance instruction by IGNOU, can be considered as an effectual attempt in India. At the institutional degree many institutes, chiefly private as of now ; hold entered into on-line distance instruction and the much talked about NIIT Varsity offers developing to 500,000 pupils yearly across 33 states. One of the universe ‘s prima direction schools, the Indian Institute of Management at Calcutta ( IIM-C ) , amongst others, entered into a strategic confederation with NIIT, to offer executive development programmes through practical schoolrooms. It is really hard for a individual of my stature to publish a declaration on the issue but I suggest that higher educational establishments in India, which plan to venture into e-learning should take a lesson from this and must foremost follow the instruction and communicating scheme of organisational alteration where the stakeholders should be informed as to how the alteration will impact them. The authorities needs to excite a learning civilization and e-learning must go a policy issue. Government must acknowledge the e-learning industry as a separate forum and non handle it as portion of the IT enabled services ( IT ‘S ) or a sub sector of the IT industry.Cardinal E-LEARNING: QUALITY ISSUESAs establishments adopt e-learning, some of import new issues arise: i? µ Institutions should do available an equal and dependable proficient substructure to back up and prolong e-learning activities. i? µ Teachers and pupils must possess the proficient accomplishments to utilize e- acquisition tools. i? µ Teachers must redesign their classs to integrate e-learning efficaciously into their teaching method.Online acquisition should be an active, non inactive, experience:Two of import facts converge to do this recommendation a cardinal portion of any theoretical account for on-line acquisition. The first has a nucleus rule of effectual teaching method. Microsoft PowerPoint presentations or Word paperss saved in HTML format do n't let scholars to make anything except sit in forepart of their screens and chink through text. The 2nd convergence fact is that early attempts at e-learning suffered a high rate of abrasion because many scholars complained that the content was deadening and withdrawing. To trip pupils so that they engage with content better, larning ware should incorporate multimedia interactions, such as simulations, geographic expeditions, games, and drag-and-drop exercisings. Animations, picture, and audio round out some of the loyalists of rich media. When you map larning content to the appropriate rich media, you get impressive consequences.Choice FACTORS DRIVE E-LEARNING ADOPTIONInstitutions interviewed for this research cited assorted institutional, user, and market drivers as spurring the acceptance of e- acquisition. Some establishments designate e- acquisition as an institutional aim, for illustration, to back up their charter of outreach, reach new markets in an country of specialisation, or heighten the educational procedure. Faculty interest-to improve learning methods in general, to do classs more interesting for pupils, or to maintain up-to-date in their academic field-spurs e-learning acceptance at others. Institutions might utilize e- acquisition to assist pupils ft larning into their progressively feverish agendas and develop required proficient accomplishments for their professional development. In some establishments, e-learning classs have developed from video-oriented classs. Some establishments reported the usage of intercrossed classs to relieve overcrowded schoolrooms. For many establishments, e-learning is portion of higher instruction ‘s development, and class direction systems ‘ easiness of usage has encouraged e-learning acceptance.BENEFITS OF E-LEARNING WITH QUALITY ASSURANCEIntegration: All establishments, research establishments, regulative organic structures, professionals, academicians and pupils can be integrated on regional, province, national and international degree. Sharing of cognition, experience, substructure and engi neering will heighten the effectual and efficient use of available resources. Students can hold an entree to limitless depot of information at any hr and from any topographic point. Entree to outdo module and quality study stuff: Since e-Learning has ability to cover distances, a few good instructors can be scaled up. Faculty handiness is non restricted by geographics or even clip because of recorded schoolrooms. The expert instructors besides will be identified and honored by the demand for them from scholars. Human prejudice: eLearning helps removes the prejudice of sex, faith, colour, caste etc. Dust free environment: Unlike in chalk and speak method, larning atmosphere becomes dust free. Individualized direction: E-Learning besides offers individualised direction, which print media can non supply. It makes larning exciting, prosecuting and obliging. Blended programmes can incorporate eLearning with face-to-face workshops, coaching, action acquisition and a immense scope of other larning methods to cover a scope of demands, manners and attacks. Private messaging readily supports these exchanges while protecting the participants ‘ privateness. Based on the single and/or group needs, involvements, calling aims and occupation profiles, lesson faculties can be chosen. The new system must be made up of five different constituents. These are: aˆ? Audits of the quality confidence mechanisms of the higher instruction establishments aˆ? Evaluations of topics and programmes. aˆ? Appraisals of the entitlement to present grades aˆ? Thematic ratings and thematic surveies aˆ? Identification of centres of educational excellenceA CASE STUDY ON QUALITY ASSURANCE EFFORT AT THE SYMBIOSIS CENTRE FOR DISTANCELearning, Pune, India The Symbiosis Centre for Distance Learning ( SCDL ) , Pune, is the taking private sector supplier of unfastened & A ; distance acquisition in India. Its scholars, totaling more than 200,000 are drawn from all the nooks & A ; corners of India, and besides, from more than 40 abroad states. Quality is the trademark of SCDL ‘s working. The quality concerns adopted by the SCDL are presented below: The acquisition plans are selected really carefully, taking into consideration the market demands every bit good as the felt-needs of the scholars. Once a probationary determination is taken to present a new plan, its assorted pros & A ; cons are discussed in the Academic Council, which is the chief organic structure for taking all academic determinations. The following measure is to apportion the work of composing the Self Learning Materials. For this intent the SCDL has enlisted more than 400 sing module who are all good qualified and long experient instructors from reputed universities and colleges every bit good as individuals with practical experience in industry. Electronic acquisition stuffs in the signifier of e-learning faculties and pre-recorded DVD talks are besides prepared. The module fixing the electronic acquisition stuffs may, or more likely may non, be those who had prepared the SLM in the print signifier. Self appraisal is an of import system adopted by the SCDL. All the learning stuffs sent to the distance scholars – whether print or electronic – contain self-assessment inquiries. In fact the larning stuff contents are broken down into subdivisions and sub-sections, and at the terminal of each the scholar is expected to take a intermission and effort replying the self-assessment inquiries. This manner, the scholar will come to cognize whether she/he has understood the content of the subdivision or the sub-section. This procedure builds up the scholar ‘s assurance. A distinguishing characteristic of the SCDL is the usage of most modern engineering in the pupil patterned advance and appraisal system. Each scholar is required to finish two on-line assignments per class per semester. The on-line assignments are based on the thoughtfully prepared and thorough Question Banks which are uploaded on the web for accession by the scholars. Last but non least of the quality confidence steps cover the Student Support & A ; Guidance System. This system has three of import boards: the Personal Contact Programs ( PCP ) , the Data Support Department and the system of speedy response to pupils ‘ questions and demands.CASE STUDY 2: E-LEARNING AT BOSTON COLLEGEBy Rita R. Owens, Associate Academic V.P. for Technology, Boston College This is merely one illustration of how 141-year-old Boston College ( BC ) , one of the oldest Jesuit Catholic universities in the United States, is integrating e-learning into its time-honoured academic tradition. Indeed, the older and more venerable an institution-US News & A ; World Report ranks BC figure 37th among national universities-the more that ‘s at interest when it introduces a dramatic and potentially radical tool like the Internet into the educational plan. Reputation and quality are the first concerns. Important Decisions E-learning has affected everyone at our 15,000-plus-student university, irrespective of age, function, experience or academic subject. And largely in a positive manner. But success has n't come without obstructions, challenges and tough determinations. One of our most critical determinations was measuring how e-learning would impact our hard-earned repute, steeped in centuries of classical academic tradition. Although we plan to scale our e-learning, we had no demand to utilize it as a flagship selling tool for admittances. Our course of study sells itself. We evaluate e-learning merely in the context of its power to better instruction. As a affair of fact, we do n't even do any differentiation between on-line instruction and traditional instruction. Education per Se is the lone thing that affairs. Consistent with this place, we elected non to mandate e-learning for every class. Alternatively, we have let e-learning develop organically, driven by pupils, module and the academic environment. Several learning-related factors are beef uping our e-learning acceptance. E-book publishing houses are deluging academe with digitized online content for a broad scope of classs. All of our schoolrooms have been networked with state-of-the-art installations. Faculty members are supplied with powerful desktops and laptops. Our pupils tend to be technologically savvy and frequently come to us with e-learning experience gained in high school. Not merely are they comfy with the engineering, they virtually grew up online. Their demand for on-line class constituents has propelled our e-learning acceptance. Early on on, we determined we needed chiseled â€Å" cheques and balances † to guarantee e-learning was decently incorporated into our campus environment. We have adopted a multiple commission construction that serves us really good. Our University Council on Teaching comprises respected module members who set scheme on how e-learning will play out on campus. We have an e-learning Action Group, a coaction of college mention bibliothecs and academic enterprises. My group, Academic Technology Services, promotes e-learning on campus and aids in preparation and proficient support. Strong Consequences With these cardinal administration and substructure determinations made, we ‘ve had strong consequences with e-learning across a broad scope of subjects. Extracurricular activities are besides got boosted by e-learning engineering. Freshman MBA campaigners at our Carroll School of Management have a particular intranet where they can happen families, societal activities, treatments, and a â€Å" community calendar. † Although it sounds like a fiddling thing, this digital orientation/bulletin board in one is a campus line of life for the many pupils with full-time occupation and household duties.FuturesCompared to an about 80 per cent literacy rate in urban India, that in rural countries is merely 56 per centum. Further, the mean instructor: pupil ratio at primary degree is 1:58 in rural parts. Improvement of connectivity is another country of concern. India needs to increase incursion in footings of Personal computers and communicating lines for any e-Learning undertaking to be successful. The high cost of ownership, which proves to be a barrier, needs to be lowered. Following stairss could assist in collaring the above jobs: The Service suppliers, including the Government need to cut down the duty degrees. As the field becomes more and more competitory, this is bound to go on. Inventions such as the Computer can cut down costs by supplying low-cost calculating. At INR 10,000 a piece, the Computer offers calculating installations at a drastically lower cost compared to INR 30,000 for a Personal computer. Further, it has a local linguistic communication interface. Use of unfastened beginning package will non merely be cost effectual but can besides run into the localised demands of the tremendous lingual diverseness of India. Further, unfastened beginning package can besides be used on old hardware.

Intercultural Communication and Negotiation in Indochina (Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam) Essay

Under this chapter, explores three main sub-topic which is firstly is barriers to effective communication, secondly is approaches to successful international negotiations, and thirdly is being culturally intelligent in Indochina. The discussion of differences in communicative goals in an intercultural negotiation setting. Every country have their own cultural whether Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam in communication also negotiation. The processes by which they do so are different, and this difference makes it hard and face some difficulties in process of communication and to conclude an agreement which is, of course, the big differences in the process of intercultural communication and negotiation are reflected in the differences in communication goals that are follow by parties that involved. CONTENT Barriers to Affective Communication As kineberg (1965) highlight that â€Å"we find that culture differ widely from one another in the amount of emotional expression which is permitted. According to Klopf and Park (1982), the ways people communicate and interact, their language patterns, nonverbal (communication without use of spoken language, and transfer of meaning through means such as body language and use of physical space) models all are determined by culture. Figure 1: Intercultural communication model (Source: Samovar and Porter, 1997) As we seen at the figure, cross-cultural communication theory begins with the assumptions of cultural variations. These differences act as barriers to communication. The differences exist and knowing the potential effects on communication, the communicator will be more sensitive to the fact and adapt such differences. Here means, that communicators have to understand each other. Culture bound verbal and non verbal communication is non-verbal codes contain of body movements, facial expression, chronemics (time), proxemics (space), gestures, and Para language. Verbal communication displays non-verbal signs through emotion and speaking style as well as intonation, rhythm and others. CAMBODIA Cambodia is a collective society which means individuals take second place to the group whether this is the family, neighborhood or company. In such societies, etiquette and protocol guidelines are used to maintain a sense of common harmony, for example subtle communication style are employed in order to minimize the chances of causing offense to others. The concept of face ties in with this collective outlook. Protecting both one’s own and other’s face extremely important. Face can roughly be translated as a combination of honor, dignity and public reputation that is attributed to a person. face can be lost, given accrued. Need to aware of the mechanics of face to ensure they do not cause anyone to lose face as a result of unintentional actions. Face is lost when someone is criticized, embarrassed or exposed in public, it can be given by complimenting someone publicly for example for their business acumen or hospitality. LAOS Laos style in cultural of communication is they really highlight the importance of greetings and the rule surrounding the â€Å"wa†. They practice unspoken and implicit communication. Communication with people in Laos also need to caution, patient and humality. Laos also to emphasize social standards such as gift, business card, and dress code. And in communication process, you have to watch sensitive subject like politics, history and religion. And lastly, in Laos, it is rude for strangers to touch upon the head of the children where as in western countries it is way of showing affection. VIETNAM In Vietnam communication intercultural styles is personal relationship are required for successful business relationship. The initial meeting is viewed as an introductory meeting where you get to know one another. You should wait for your Vietnamese counterpart to raise the business subject. Many meetings are conducted in Vietnamese and to ensure you avoid any potential cross cultural miscommunications you will need a translator. Vietnamese put a higher value on keeping one’s word than on contracts. Never commit yourself verbally unless you are prepared to stand by your word. Communication and negotiations move at a slow and pace and patience will be necessary cross cultural attribute. It is important to speak to all stakeholders, which often includes government officials. When recommending a proposal, it is a good idea to offer several ways the other party could structure the deal. Vietnamese like to consider options. Vietnamese are skilled negotiators. Approaches to Successful International Negotiations In international negotiation, cultural preparation to understand different worlds is central to successful strategy and tactics. One theoretical model which may be useful for preparation before do the negotiation set out by Richard D.Lewis in his book â€Å"When Cultures Collide.† He divided cultures into three main categories as follows. Many cultures are a mix, but tend to dominate in one or two categories: The relative positions of cultures can be roughly arranged in a triangle, as a guide to which negotiation approaches may work best: For successful cross-cultural negotiation it helps to have a logical mental process encompassing which is a clear analytical model for interpreting cultural behavior and applying that model to manage cross-cultural interaction. A sharpened understanding of your own personal cultural profile, and how that fits into the global context of the triangle, in such as attitudes to truth, risk, time, power and others. Adaptation of personal communication style to different cultures expectations in negotiations, as for example in the use of logic, emotion, initiation versus reaction, simplicity versus complexity, optimism to create a positive climate or a free investigation of problems at the outset. Also understanding of how trust is seen in different cultures, and using this as a means of bulding trust more effectively in negotiation. CAMBODIA The Cambodia style in cultural of negotiations is they really highlight on personal relationship also means here is long term relationship. The process of communication will be slow while they take time to get to know you. Here patient attitudes plays big role because of could jeopardize the decision in this communication. If proposing a large contract, it is advisable to first seek government approval. Cambodians are non-confrontational. They do not like saying â€Å"no† overtly. If they say â€Å"no problem† actually means there is a problem and what you have to asked for will not happen. Try hard to maintain your composure at all times. Displaying anger irritation could negatively impact negotiations. In this poor country, price is often a determining factor in business decisions. LAOS The key of establishing trust which is politeness and willingness to help. Identifying decision-makers and power chains or power conflict. Time, priority and deadline management is important. Attitudes in signed contract and their implications. And organizing the post negotiations phase. VIETNAM Approaches to change which is Vietnam’s intercultural adaptability and readiness for risk is minimal. Changes is difficult to bring about and the idea of it is not received with enthusiasm. In order for change to take hold, the idea needs to be perceived as good for the group and be accepted by the group. Meanwhile approaches to time and priorities is Vietnamese is very relaxed with its attitude towards schedules and timelines. Vietnamese will not upset others in order to force meeting deadline, and while appointments and schedules need to be set in advance, these should be viewed as flexible. Patience is a necessary attribute to successful cross cultural management in Vietnam. Global and intercultural expansion means that some managers may have a greater appreciation of the need to enforce timescales and as such, agreed deadlines are more likely to be met. Culturally intelligent in Indochina. Cross-cultural communication is one such global skill that will train people to adapt to any cultural contex. Cross cultural communication has appeared largely through the globalization of markets, affairs of nation-states and technologies. As already explain, people have to adapt with the latest information and communication technologies such as the World Wide Web ( http://www.intercultures.ca/cil-cai/ci-ic-eng.asp?iso=kh ), (http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/cultural-services/articles-intercultural.html ) this links is Center for Intercultural learning, provide about the facts and info cultural all country around the world. Others sources is computers, films, and television shape cultural and civic speech. Here, from this approaches will brings transformation economic and social relation to such an degree that cultural and economic barriers are minimized. Others approaches is take a world intercultural class. In this class, highlight to intercultural communication and discusses some specific methods and strategies. These include mastering issues like learning to honors and sharing one’s own culture while developing a capacity to be open to others cultures. As for example like classroom practices and strategies include intercultural explorations through the use of appropriate texts, films and other multi-media resources, short stories, contra case studies of cultures, group meetings, presentation and role plays. Cultural intelligence has various meanings that can be looked on as complementary. It’s also refers to behaviors that are considered intelligent from the point of view of people in specific cultures (Richard Brislin, 2012). Firstly learned information about Indochina cultures such as behaviours can include quick application of previously learned information in some cultures, getting along with kin in other cultures, and slow and deliberate consideration of alternative courses of action in still other cultures. On the other hand, cultural intelligence can also refer to the traits and skills of people who adjust quickly, with minimal stress, when they interact extensively in cultures other than the ones where they were socialized. The two uses of the term are related because people who want to be sensitive to other scan examine intelligence as it is defined and demonstrated in other cultures and can make adjustments in their own behaviours during their cross-cultural experiences. REFERENCES Jandt, F.E. (2001). Intercultural communication: An introduction (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. Madrolle, C. (1996). Indochina. New York: Columbia University Press.

The Birth Right Program Essay example - 1457 Words

As a Jewish student there is a program available to go to Israel for a summer, if you have never been before and experience it first hand. It is called the â€Å"Birth Right Program.† The trip is free, the only thing you have to pay for is the round trip plane ticket and any souvenirs you may buy. While you are there with the other students just like yourself, you experience different places like the Wailing Wall and the city of Jerusalem, as well as different Israeli holidays including Shabbat every Friday night. I have contemplated going on the Birth Right trip for a few years now. To have the chance to experience first hand a culture that I really only know through stories and history books†¦show more content†¦Their small ceremonies and everyday practices serve to reiterate and substantiate their beliefs and customs (Gibson). Israel has a very high standard of living. Many people in rural areas of Israel live in collective communities. Members of these comm unities share food and property. They also exchange labor for medical care (Davis). In the United States, â€Å"Individualism is the economic realm manifests itself in the belief that individuals, not communities in which they live, determine their own economical outcomes† (Davis). An individualist solution to poverty is not more government spending on welfare programs and charities, but greater individual effort by those on the bottom to improve their incomes. Individuals themselves deserve the credit and/or blame for their economic fortune or misfortune, while collectivists do not agree with this theory at all. As the United States is very individualistic, it is also distinctively masculine, while Israel, once again found in the center of the scale is more feminine. The two characteristics go hang in hand. High masculinity believes in achievement and judging individuals on their performance, just as individualist cultures do. 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