Anh Van

So tourism is considered smokeless industry is more profitable. In addition, traveling solve a part of unemployment. According to World Tourism and Travel Council, in Vietnam. Employees directly involved in the tourism sector Is 1. 397 million people, about 3% of the total national labor. Thus one large labor is not unemployed, save some pressure for the government. Finally, traveling contributed to introduce the country and people of Vietnam. When more people travel to Vietnam, they will realize that Vietnam Is a country with many beautiful sign and safety.Then, they'll introduce Vietnam to their friend, their relatives†¦. , and the more people will travel to Vietnam. In short, solving a part of unemployment, increasing economic profit and contributing to Introduce the country and people of Vietnam are three reason of the impact of traveling. So we should invest more for traveling to boost economy. Topic: what are some factor causing stress and how to cope with stress. Today, s ociety is growing, and more and more workload. And human usually face stress. There are many causes of stress such as continuous working, environmental illusion. O we should take measures to cope with stress as regular exercise, participate In one of the entertainment activities. Continuous working Is a major cause of stress. Works which have the specific characteristics require employees to work continuously as nurses, soldiers, police . In addition, a number of people waning to make more money so they should work continuously such as teachers, information technology, business. So, unintentional, we create stress for ourselves. Besides, environmental pollution also contribute to our stress. Many of our very t OffSo that coping with stress, firstly we need to exercise regularly. This helps us to relax after work, and help us calm down when we encounter difficult situations. Furthermore, we should participate in one of the entertainment activities such as playing computer game, watch ing TV†¦ Sometimes, we can go out or go drinking with friends. In short, continuous working and environmental pollution are major cause of stress, so we should regular exercise or participate in one of the entertainment activities which can help us to cope with stress. Naturally, in each case, we will have suitable measure.

Letter of Advice on Communication Essay

I am honored that you would seek my advice on communication in your relationship. There are many components to good communication, many think that good communication comes naturally. The fact that we have been communicating all of our lives does not mean that we do it well. (Sole, K, 2011 ch1. 1). Communication is complex, it requires many skills and you must be willing to not only practice these, but also continue learning to improve these. There can be many issues while learning to communicate effectively. In order to help you in your quest for knowledge I will go over a few important things I think you should know about interpersonal communication. This advice should help you in your lives together. When it comes to a healthy relationship, effective communication is the cornerstone on which you build it. If you cannot communicate properly, it will have effects in your personal life. When it comes to relationships, effective communication is the most important skill that one can learn. Explain principles and misconceptions in effective interpersonal communications It is important to realize why we communicate. We communicate for a reason. The primary goal of communication is to share meaning and to connect with other people. Understanding these human needs and communication purposes is essential to success as a communicator. (Sole, 2011) There are many purposes for communicating. One of the most basic purposes is to meet personal needs. Humans are social animals; we need to interact with one another. Another purpose is to learn about yourself and others, this is a process that you must continue well into your relationship, I will provide you advice on how to do this. The most important purpose in your case is to build and maintain relationships. Effective communication is the glue that will hold your relationship together. There are certain skills that are required to be an effective communicator. Listening skills are essential research indicates that most people spend more time listening than talking, however most people have had little education on how to be an effective listener. Listening requires focus and attention; failure to listen effectively is one of the key causes of miscommunication. People skills are important to communication as well, this skill requires a wide range of skills in itself. You must be able to determine the appropriate self disclosure, which means how much personal information to share with others, assertion skills, collaborative skills, problem solving skills, and conflict resolution skills. Emotional intelligence is another skill that you must learn. This means understanding emotions and expressing emotions appropriately. Appropriate skill selection is another skill in effective communication; this means the ability to recognize communication problems when they arise. The final critical skill is communicating ethically, this means the ability to understand what constitutes ethical communication. I have given you the basics in order to better explain how effective communication will enhance your relationship. Describe the process by which self concept is developed and maintained It is important in communication to realize who you are as an individual. How you carry yourself can reflect in your interpersonal relationships and communications. Your self-concept is made up several components. You may have a physical self concept, how you look. You may have an academic self-concept; I am a good student for example. The first step to develop and maintain self-concept is to find out what your self-concept is. A good way to do this is to take a pen and paper and write I am on it, and then in ten minutes write as many descriptions of yourself as you can. This will help you realize what you believe about yourself. This can be critical to maintaining a healthy relationship. Self concept is best learned and maintained through interpersonal communication. You construct partially your-self concept by choosing to accept or reject what other people tell you about you. Through communication with others you can use words and actions to influence other people’s opinions of you. Recognize how words have the power to create and affect attitudes, behavior and perception When communicating with each other choose your words wisely. Words are powerful tools; the words you use can have multiple intentions and interpretations. Choosing the wrong words can lead to miscommunication and lead to conflict. Your choice of words reflect your attitude to show an example of this to etter explain the concept, if you work with someone who is particular about things, if you like them you would call them detail oriented, if you don’t you might call them picky or fussy. (Sole, 2011) Both terms have the same meaning, however one has a negative connotation, the other is positive. The words you choose to use will also have an effect on perception of the person you are communicating with, if you realize this it may save a lot of miscommunication conflicts. Evaluate the proper level of self-disclosure in relationships It is important to keep your personal communication going. This means you have to have quality communication beyond about who is going to pick up the kids, pay the bills, or call the grandparents. (Schoenberg, 2011) You have to have quality communication. If you plan to get married and live together for a lifetime, you must continue to show interest and learn about one another. Ask each other random questions, tell your spouse you fears, feelings, doubts and perceptions with each other. Researchers have linked self-disclosure with marital satisfaction. That is why self-disclosure is key to your relationship, you have to take the time for quality communication. Identify barriers to effective interpersonal interactions If you practice your communication skills you can avoid most barriers to your interpersonal interactions. One thing to keep in mind is that researchers found that most couples think that they communicate better than they do (U. S. News and Report, 2011). If you are close in your relationships you may assume that your spouse automatically understands what you mean when you say something. If you say it’s getting hot in here when you are cold, your spouse may think that you are making an amorous advance and may not go turn up the temperature in the house. You must be patient when things like this happen as well and remember that effective communication must be worked at and does not automatically happen. When it comes to relationships effective communication is the most important skill you can learn to keep your relationship alive. If you do not communicate effectively, it can lead to conflicts. These conflicts can cause couples to break up. If you continue to practice your communication skills, you will have a higher chance of having a happy marriage. Good luck and congratulations on your engagement.

Personal Development: The skills needed to run the business successfully Essay

P3: Describe the skills needed to run the business successfully and what areas require further personal development In this task I would be describing some of the skill to run a business successfully and what areas require further personal development as this all important to have to be a good sole trader. Own Contribution This is one of the many important things to have to run a business well .This is because I am the manager of the business as the leader of the pack I would have to put extra time into the work , stay behind after work to complete extra work , give me staff extra training if they need it . These little things can help the business move forward faster and also it helps me as I know what I am doing is right for the business if I want the business to succeed. Technical/Operational Technical can be very useful as it save time and money. I am very skilful a using the computer I can fix problems very easily on the computer, I am also very good using the basic things like Microsoft word, PowerPoint and publisher this program is very useful as it lets me create leaflets which saves me money as I don’t have to ask another business to create leaflets for me as I know how it is done. I also know how to create a data base which is very helpful as it stores all the information. Product Knowledge Product knowledge is information that I know about my products, for example I have the product knowledge of salsa and knowledge of the product is how it’s made, ingredients and factors such as these. That is what product knowledge. This is important to me because I am the owner of the business I will need to know how to make them and how long to keep them heated or cold, furthermore another importance of knowing this skill is that if any customer’s asks about the product I should be able to tell them because they might be allergic to something m so if I know the product I could tell them information about the product. Management ability Management ability is a skill that a business owner should have in order to run a business also management ability requires controlling and organising  the business well, without management ability the business won’t go the right direction. This skill is important because without having any management skills, it will be hard to manage the business and organise it well also without this skill it will be hard to manage the other employees, and make sure all the bills and everything has been paid in order to have all these things done correctly you need have the management ability. Recording and checking business performance Recording and checking business performance is when the business checks on all the financials records and makes some records from other department too; furthermore this is when a person checks on the business making sure everything is going smooth without any errors. This skill is important because without checking your business performance you won’t know in which areas to improve on. If you don’t check your business performance you wouldn’t know what things are going wrong and right in the business and this will mean that you won’t know what to improve or change it the business. Personal selling Personal selling is having direct contact with my customers and also involves direct contact with the customers and assessing their needs and suggesting suitable product or service solutions, which would help the customer out. This skill is necessary for my business because I am a sole trader so having experience in this would help a lot because I will have to be selling desserts to my customers and making sure that they are satisfied with the product and service they are receiving. I don’t have personal experience in this skill and I will need to learn. Administration Administration is what provides support for businesses operations. This involves keeping records and communicating with external groups such as customers and suppliers by sending letters and invoices and arranging payment. This skill is necessary for my business because I will need it to keep the business organised and to make sure that things don’t go wrong. do not have personal experience in administration and need to gain some experience. Previous Experience I do have previous experience working for a restaurant however I was able to get some experience in how to talk to customers properly and in a polite way to make sure they are satisfied with the service/product that they are receiving. Strengths and weaknesses I have a couple of strengths and these are: I can take risks and good at IT. Taking risks will help me in my business because it is always good to take risks because without taking them you might never know, it could end up good for my business. An example is that I could invest more in better packaging for my customers that like having take-away because this will show them that my business is caring for the customers. However if I did not take that risk of investing a bit more in it, I would have never found out if it would work or not. My strength in IT will help me a lot because I will need this skill for creating cash flow forecasts and even a break even forecast. This will save me money because I would have to hire someone else to do it for me as I have the skills to do it. My weaknesses are that I don’t have any skills in administration yet.

Philosophy of Gandhi and Martin Luther King Essay

Philosophy of Gandhi and Martin Luther King - Essay Example Gandhi was the proponent of nonviolence. He advocated that the success against oppressor can only be achieved when the one who is struggling makes himself stand on higher moral plinth than the oppressor. For this the means of the oppressed has to be different rather opposite of what the oppressor is adopting. Since oppressor adopts violence than the oppressed will be more successful if he adopts non violence as his strategy of dealing with the situation. He based his theory on ahimsa which does not advocate mere non violence but it also stress upon "absence of the desire to kill or harm" (Chapple 10). The philosophy is based on the love for all human even for the enemy. The concept was used to develop the Satyagraha policy which was an off shoot of ahimsa and required the unwavering stand behind one's ideals without harm to other and even without the feeling of hatred for others. Martin Luther King was influenced by Gandhi's philosophy. He also was the advocate of non violence. To him humans through their evolution now should come across new methods to solve their problems within themselves. He said "nonviolence is the answer to the crucial political and moral questions of our time: the need for man to overcome oppression and violence without resorting to oppression and violence. ... That is why he said "the ultimate weakness of violence is that it is a descending spiral, begetting the very thing it seeks to destroy. Instead of diminishing evil, it multiplies it. Through violence you may murder the liar, but you cannot murder the lie, nor establish the truth. Through violence you may murder the hater, but you do not murder hate. In fact, violence merely increases hate. So it goes. Returning violence for violence multiplies violence, adding deeper darkness to a night already devoid of stars. Darkness cannot drive out darkness: only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate: only love can do that." Malcolm X had a somewhat variant view than Gandhi and Martin Luther King. He was of the opinion that violence has to be adopted to fight violence. It may not be always but dependence of total non violence strategy will not lead to success. That was why he said "Our objective is complete freedom, justice and equality by any means necessary." However, it was not sheer violence which he professed instead he was of the opinion that violence should be adopted according to the necessity of the situation. To adopt violence for self defense was not "violence" but "intelligence". It is evident that above mentioned three great men's philosophy can be categorized into two main philosophies. One policy of "nonviolence" i.e. of Gandhi and Martin Luther King the other one is of "selective violence" of Malcolm X. Here people might disagree and tag Malcolm X philosophy as violent and so was the opinion of his compatriot Martin Luther King. However, after going through the details of the modus operandi adopted by Malcolm X one can easily assess that he was advocate of "selective violence" instead of utter "violence". For our further

Socialization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Socialization - Essay Example Why? Because man is free on god’s earth. But man can enjoy this freedom only in America. Therefore, when I noticed that President was going, instead of bringing them to the discussion table to solve problems of terrorism, to impose his will upon other nations such as Iraq, Afghanistan, etc. through war, I opposed him. But for the same reason, I support Mr. Barrack Obama who is more flexible. Further I learnt about my father’s influence on me, when I read about the concept of political socialization. I learnt that political socialization is a concept in political study. It mainly deals with the psychological development processes by which a man, in modern society, adopts and internalizes various features, of a political culture, such as political attitudes, political beliefs, political values, behavior patterns and habits. Indeed the internalization of these political features teaches a man to belong to a political community. Therefore, it basically determines the doctrinal and behavioral aspects of a political community. Indeed political socialization is the summation of all the evaluative, cognitive and affective internalization and orientation -of a man’s consciousness in his or her childhood and adolescence- towards a political system. The political socialization starts from one’s childhood. A child’s political socialization begins with th e influence of various agents such â€Å"parents, family, Friends, Teachers, Media, Genders, Religion, Race, Age, and Geography†. They play very fundamental roles to impact a child’s political beliefs. These agents are often classified into two groups: primary group and secondary group. Political socialization of a man is â€Å"determined by the face-to-face interactions of a man with the primary agents† such as parents, family members, friends, etc. The primary agents are supposed to be in direct contact with the primary. On the

Social And Economic Imbalance In The Todays Society Essay

Social And Economic Imbalance In The Todays Society - Essay Example This kind of economic contrast is seen in the two essays, Working at Wendy’s and Dumpster diving, the writers of both the essays are in different sorts of economic conditions and had to do socially unappreciated jobs in order to deal with their own circumstances and conditions and doing these jobs they had to came to know about the social discrimination in different styles which are still existent in the today’s settings. Joey Franklin the writer of Working at Wendy’s believes in the power of positive thinking and appreciates the struggles of people who were his co-workers at Wendy’s which is considered to be a low profile job but in his essay J. Franklin describes many people with whom he worked and elaborates that all of these people had all kinds of reasons to work there; to stay out of jail, to support their families financially and to pay bills. Working at Wendy’s was something that Franklin had sworn never to do the with the birth of his first child and his wife still studying, the financial conditions became tight and he had to find some night job and in this way, he could spend time with his son in the daytime. In this time of high competition when to get any job one has to beat thousands of other applicants and then gets the job but it was not the case at Wendy’s; there Franklin got the job by only answering two questions i.e. â€Å"What hours you want to work?† and â€Å"When you want to start?† and later he learned that even working in this place was not easy.  ... â€Å"What hours you want to work?† and â€Å"When you want to start?† and later he learned that even working in this place was not easy. He found himself incompetent in a job where he didn’t think he would be incompetent and he realized it when he was standing in the line of sandwiches and a high school dropout yells at him, â€Å"Come on Joe! Get it right!† When he told about this job to his father, he did not approve such a low profile job for his son who was two semesters away from graduating and everyone he knew felt sorry for him that he had to work at such a place and that is how he always had to face the social disparity just because of the type of job he was doing. He did not like the work himself but he was satisfied that his family loved him and all his hard work was paid off. Later he said, â€Å"I learned that what is most important to me is not how the world views me, but how my family views me†¦ and the reality is each of us will make the greatest mark between the four walls of our home.† (Lorimer) Lars Eighner the writer of Dumpster Diving called himself a scavenger rather than someone who picks up anything which could be used from the dumps. As Eighner’s savings started running out he had to suffice on his intermittent income to pay his rents and depend on dumpsters his necessities like food, toilet paper, medicine and other things which found and were usable in any way for him or his dog Lizbeth. In these conditions of financial breakdown he learnt many things like which things could still be used when those were thrown away in the dump and how the discarded food could be safe to consume. He uses lofty vocabulary in his essay to gain credibility for the processes he used to refine the food he collected from the dumps like he says,

Competetive Strategy Analysis - Samsung Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Competetive Strategy Analysis - Samsung - Essay Example The current status of the firm’s competitiveness is evaluated using three strategic tools: the Five Forces model, the Value Chain analysis framework, and the Strategic Clock. The first two models were developed by Porter while the Strategic Clock has been designed by Bowman. These theoretical models allow the identification of all aspects of the firm’s strategic position in the global market. In this way, the understanding of the firm’s current position towards its rivals and of its future prospects in the particular industry becomes easier. Porter’s Five Forces Literature review The Five Forces model of Porter (see Figure 1 below) highlights the forces that a firm is likely to face when developing its daily activities. The identification and the evaluation of these forces are necessary in order to check whether a firm has prospects in its industry or not (Hill and Jones 2009). The forces included in the Five Forces model of Porter are the following: †˜a) new entrants, b) suppliers, c) buyers, d) substitute products, e) industry competition’ (Henry 2008, p.69). The analysis of this model’s elements would help to understand its value for evaluating the potentials of Samsung in the global electronics industry. ... The power of suppliers to ask for increase in prices is higher as the material/ product delivered to the client is rare and cannot be easily located through other suppliers (Roy 2011). This phenomenon is known as the bargaining power of suppliers (Roy 2011). In sectors that are critical in terms of the material used in products, the bargaining power of suppliers can be high: for example, the pharmaceutical industry or the luxury cars industry (Roy 2011). At the next level, reference should be made to the other element of Porter’s model: customers. Customers are able to press firms to proceed to the reduction of their prices in the following case: when the products/ services provided by a firm become common in the market, the customers of a firm may decide to leave their firm and prefer the products of a rival that are at lower price (Gordon 2004). The specific potential of customers can exist only if a product is widely expanded in the market or if a new entrant that offers th e same product at lower price has appeared in the local market (Gordon 2004). The term ‘substitute products’ is used for describing the products with similar characteristics but of lower quality (Ungson and Wong 2008). These products can be available at lower price since their production cost is significantly lower than that of the products with similar characteristics but of high quality (Ungson and Wong 2008). Consumers may prefer these products instead of those that used to buy until now in order to save money (Ungson and Wong 2008). Substitute products cannot particularly threaten a firm that offers products that cannot be easily replicated (Alrawashdeh 2013); Finally, reference should be

The Capture of Osama Bin Laden Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Capture of Osama Bin Laden - Research Paper Example He married his first wife Najwa Ghanem in the year 1974 when he was seventeen years old but he later divorced her. Osama was a polygamist who is believed to have married about six wives with whom he had about 20 children. Osama bin laden used his Muslim faith and the vast wealth inherited from his father to mount terror on the United States of America and the world. Three United States of America presidents were all involved at various stages in trying to capture Osama bin Laden. During his early involvement in terrorist activities, he had joined with different groups in Saudi Arabia as well as Egypt and Sudan. He had also at some time fallen out with Saudi Arabia government and the Afghanistan president had in the year 1994 revoked his Saudi Arabian citizenship (Mockaitis 43). Libya was the first country to issue a warrant of arrest for Osama bin laden on March 16, 1998. The government wanted him arrested by the Interpol alongside three of his accomplices in connection with the kill ing of a German intelligent service agent, Silvan Becker, and his wife Vera, on 10th march, 1994 (Coll 695). The United States of America issued their first indictment for Osama bin laden on June 1998 on allegations of murder when a truck was bombed in Riyadh Saudi Arabia in the year 1995. During this attack, two Indians and five Americans were killed. Osama bin laden was charged with conspiring to attack the United States of America’s defense facilities and heading al-Qaeda, a terrorist organization based in the Afghanistan. He was also accused of being the major financier of the Islamic fighters in the world. Osama bin laden denied any involvement, but he echoed support for the attacks (Atwan 39). In November 1998, after two attacks on American embassies in two African countries (Kenya and Tanzania), the United States’ Federal Grand Jury indicted him once more. The charges against him this time were for the murder of United States’ citizens inside and outside the United States and attacks on the United States federal facilities. These attacks resulted in deaths and destruction of property in the two countries but it was targeted towards the Americans and their property. The prosecutor presented evidence gathered from phone records gotten from satellite, testimony by people who had decamped from al--Qaeda as well as his phone. He was however not arrested since his sympathizers, the Taliban from Afghanistan, could not extradite him on the basis that non-Muslim courts lacked authority to try him as a Muslim (Randal 78). They also claimed that there was no sufficient evidence linking him to the crimes. The Federal Bureau of Investigations added him to the list of the world most wanted terrorists in 7 June 1999. The United States of America’s president Bill Clinton prevailed upon the United Nations to impose sanctions on Afghanistan aimed at forcing the extradition of Osama bin Laden by the Taliban. On October 10, 2001, Osama bin laden was in the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s list of top 22 most wanted terrorists. This list was made public by the United States of America’s president George W Bush. His inclusion in the list was based on his involvement with the 1998 terror attacks in Kenya and Tanzania. The United States of America and the United Nations’ security organs tried to make the Taliban to extradite Osama bin Laden without success. It was not until October 2001 during the bombing of Afghanistan by the American forces that the Taliban offered to extradite

There are four topics , chose one of them Essay

There are four topics , chose one of them - Essay Example 316; Goldsmith et al., 2002, p. 107). Depending on the nature of each employee’s professional and personal problems, companies can either offer in-house EAPs or hire the service of a third-party EAP specialists that can provide a large group of employees with access to professional service offered by attorneys, doctors, financial advisors, elder and child care specialists, etc (Assure Group Benefits, 2013; Deb, 2006, pp. 317 – 318). There are advantages and disadvantages associated with the use of either internal or external EAPs. For instance, creating internal EAPs is more cost-effective as compared to hiring the service of external EAP providers (Highley-Marchington and Cooper, 1998). On top of having the opportunity to monitor the effectiveness of internal EAPs, organizations with internal EAPs can easily adjust the programme in such as way that it could provide its employees with a more effective solution when addressing their personal or work-related problems (IDS Studies, 2002). However, the use of internal EAPs could increase the risk of violating the universal rule on confidentiality (Newton, Hayday and Barkworth, 2005, p. 3). To ensure that the work-related and personal problems of each employee remain ‘confidential’, Newton, Hayday and Barkworth (2005, p. 3) strongly advise the use of external EAPs over internal EAPs. Aside from increasing each employee’s work productivity, the benefit of making EAPs available to organisations include improving the mental well-being of each employee, increasing employees’ morale as well as reducing the total number of employees’ sick leave and overall medical costs (Health Assured, 2013; Goetzel and Ozminkowski, 2008; Shaw et al., 2007; Thogersen-Ntoumani and Fox, 2005; Shapiro, Cheesman and Wall, 1993; Cooper and Sadri, 1991). It means that the process of offering effective EAPs could somehow help reduce the rate of absenteeism and employee turnover within a business o rganisation. However, several studies questioned the validity and accuracy of the methodological approaches used in the previous EAP research studies (Werner and De Simone, 2009, p. 357; Highley-Marchington and Cooper, 1998; Heathfield, n.d.). II. Problem Statement Highley-Marchington and Cooper (1998) and Heathfield (n.d.) argued that it is not easy to assess and evaluate the real effect of EAP schemes on employees’ trust particularly with regards to the need to observe the law of confidentiality. Aside from the fact that only 45% of organisations managed to evaluate the effects of EAPs, Highley-Marchington and Cooper (1998) mentioned that several organisations that implement the use of EAP schemes are seriously reluctant about publishing their audit results and research findings because of fear that the general public could develop a negative impression about the company. Because of â€Å"commercial sensitivity† issues, there are no concrete evidences that can litera lly prove whether or not the offering EAPs by employers can seriously create value on the part of the business organisations (Werner and De Simone, 2009, p. 357; Highley-Marchington and Cooper, 1998, p. 7; Heathfield, n.d.). Considering the controversy behind the accuracy and

Business Negotiations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Negotiations - Essay Example In American English, there exists two communication maxims, all under the quantity umbrella, which requires that whenever one speaks, then the information relayed should as much information as possible, while on the other side; the information relayed should not exceed the required informative levels. The amount of information in a communication remains essential in every communication and as such, superfluous information need to be avoided during communication in ensuring that communication meets its intended purpose.Considering the fact that maxims of conversation entail the unwritten rules of governance pertaining to how people speak to each other in some polite conversations, it is, therefore, a significant aspect that a maxim of communication acts in place of a command, directing the manner in which different people engaging in conversation carries out themselves. According to the Japanese culture, the maxims of conversation in Japanese discourse involve a number of aspects. Exp ression of feelings or emotions is critical to every human. In business, either a loss or profit is expected for any transaction done. Whenever either happens, it is expected that an individual expresses the feeling through emotions. As a contributory aspect of the diverse nature of societies and cultures, verbal behavior of the American team and that of the Japanese seem to have significantly different aspects with a realization that indeed the generalizations put in such societies are indeed very wrong.

Activities in India Essay Example for Free

Activities in India Essay The development process of CSR strategy in Indian |Banking Sector can be divided into 4 phases. During 1920’s the CSR activities in financial sectors are mainly motivated by charity and philanthropy which does not have a clear planning or message towards society. Between 1914 and 1960 the financial sectors become more concerned over ethical responsibilities and social development to become a good corporate citizen. During early stage of 1970’s the financial sectors become more concern over the legal responsibilities by following rules and regulations while carrying out business activities. After 1980 the Indian financial organisations combine CSR into a understandable and sustainable business Strategy. Analysis of CSR Activities of Indian banking companies At present banking sectors are under immense pressure from investors, share holders, NGO’s to perform the business in more on ethical and responsible way(Bhattacharya 2004). But in Indian Banking sectors CSR activities are considered to be on the lower side while comparing other countries and the government has not adopted any rules and regulations for carry out CSR. The Reserve Bank of India who controls all banks of India sense that the CSR activities in both public sector and private sector banking are lacking while compare to other countries. In order to improve the CSR activities in Banking Sectors the RBI issued a notification on 2007, advising all banks to improve the CSR activities by helping the cause of sustainable development with full cooperation from boards. The RBI also advised all banks to combine the environmental and social concerns in their business activities which will have a positive effect on stake holders and society Even though lot of Indian banks are still not considered CSR seriously, Some Public and private banks like SBI, SIDBI, Punjab National Bank, ICICI Bank, HDFC Bank, Union Banks, etc. are doing some good initiative as a part of CSR . While carrying out CSR activities the key areas Indian banking sectors considered are environment and community. Some of the recent CSR initiatives provided by different banks in India are listed below. Environment To make an appeal in environmental and ecological interest, energy efficient buildings are provided by Reserve Bank of India also to decrease the substance which cause harm to ozone layer some of the air condition plants are replaced by RBI in various banks. Small Scale Industries which are involved in energy saving projects are provided by Small Industries Bank In India(SIDBI) which will encourage them to perform well. State Bank of India(SBI) is providing an innovative approach towards CSR by introducing â€Å"Green Banking†. The green banking is concerned with sustainable and ethical banking. The main purpose of green banking is to increase the awareness of environmental friendly programme and to reduce the carbon foot print which effects the environment negatively. The green channel counter method has been adopted by SBI to change their branches to paperless which is a good policy against deforestation. To prevent pollution and to increase recycling procedure, SBI has Started â€Å"Panet Earth† which helps the society in reducing the waste and to preserve water and energy. Community As child labour is one of the major problems faced by India, the children below 14 years who are from low income group are provided with free education by ICICI bank. This bank also provides various awareness programs on HIV/AIDS. With the Support of NGO’s the Punjab national banks are implementing various technical programmes for better education to people from rural areas and also they are providing â€Å"micro credit policy† which helps the society in increasing income level and reducing unemployment. To help in increasing local economy, more than hundred villages are adopted by Bank of Baroda (BOB). Some of the small commercial banks are also undertaking various CSR activities like blood donation, health camps, welfare activities of students, self employment opportunities, etc. The Impact of CSR on Indian Banking Sector According to research conducted by Pava and Krauz(1996)there is positive relationship between CSR and Financial performance of the organisation. On the other side some researches from Hopkin and cove(2003)proved that there is chance of negative impact on share price and brand image on organisations as a result of socially irresponsible practices and bad CSR strategies. According to the survey conducted by Bihar and Pradhen (2011) CSR has positive impact on performance and image of the bank. For example, ICICI one of the leading Indian Commercial Banks was able to improve the brand image and profit of the business with fine CSR strategies. So the CSR activities will help to improve the performance of the bank by giving the banks good brand image. By less consumption of office stationeries, energy and water operational costs of the organisations can be reduced, helps to maintain good relationship with the stakeholders, by adopting eco friendly products health hazards of the employees can be reduced. Thus it can be said that the CSR activities help the banking sector to perform the business with Legal and Ethical responsibilities there by making the organisation a good corporate citizen.

Racial Profiling Essay Example for Free

Racial Profiling Essay Introduction What is racial profiling? The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) defines racial profiling as â€Å"the discriminatory practice by law enforcement officials of targeting individuals for suspicion of crime based on the individual’s race, ethnicity, religion or national origin† (2005). Do not confuse racial profiling with criminal profiling; criminal profiling is usually practiced by police in which they use a group of characteristics that are associated with crime to target individuals (ACLU, 2005). Examples of racial profiling include using ones race to target specific drivers for traffic violations and pedestrians for illegal contraband; another prime example is the targeting of Muslims, Arabs, and South Asians since 9/11 in regards to minor immigrant violations without any connection to the attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon (ACLU, 2005). Without a doubt, racial profiling occurs on a daily basis all over the world; however let’s focus on racial profiling in the United States and specifically right here in our homeland, Michigan. Background History When did racial profiling first begin? Even though racial profiling still exists today, it is not a recently new phenomenon. Racial profiling can date back to the 1700s when slavery was a common way of life for many African Americans. Like present-day racial profiling, one’s skin color is what has made them subject to discriminatory treatment from law enforcement (Rushing, K., 2013). In South Carolina, white men policed the black slaves on plantations and hunted for escaped slaves; this was referred to as â€Å"slave patrol†. Most slaves were not free, and if they were they had to carry freedom papers or a pass to prove that they had permission to be off of the plantation (Rushing, K., 2013). If a black person was found to have run away they were beaten, whipped or even killed as the consequence. Even into the 20th century, after slavery, blacks were again forced into another form of involuntary servitude called convict leasing; this is where they were leased to work fo r private companies, whether it be on plantations or railroads and coal mines (Rushing, K., 2013). Regardless of what the 14th amendment states in the Constitution, laws were still broken and applied differently to blacks and whites. This became a major issue when the War on Drugs began in 1982. Reagan wanted to stop drug use and sales with ruthless sentencing  laws; they focused on urban black neighborhoods to promote anti-drug efforts. Although the prison population tripled there were substantial racial disparities; in 2010 the US Bureau of Justice Statistics indicated that black males had an imprisonment rate that was nearly seven times higher than white men (Rushing, K., 2013). And the rate of incarceration among black women was almost three times that of white women; a Human Rights Watch study in 2009 showed that blacks are arrested at much higher rates than whites even though they commit drug offense at comparable rates (Rushing, K., 2013). Racial profiling isn’t spec ifically focused on drug offenses but focuses on any form of crime being committed by any person who isn’t of white decent. There are many notorious instances where racial profiling has occurred including bicycling while black and brown in Eastpointe, Michigan, walking while black and brown in New York City, and gang database racial profiling in Orange County, California. In Eastpointe, 21 young black youths were stopped by police because they were riding their bicycles through a white suburb. The ACLU joined the suite against Eastpointe, Michigan, to represent the youths. They argued that the â€Å"bicyclists were stopped in this predominantly white suburb of Detroit because of their race and not because they were doing anything wrong† (ACLU, 2005). In 1996 a memo sent to the Eastpointe City Manager had a statement from the former police chief that he instructed his officers to investigate any black youths riding through Eastpointe subdivisions. Through extensive searching of police logs, it was found that Eastpointe had over 100 incidents between 1995 and 1998 just like this one (ACLU, 2005). In New York City’s police department report in December 1999, the stop and frisk practices showed to be greatly based on race. In NYC, blacks make up 25.6% of the city’s population, Hispanics 23.7% and whites are 43.4% of NYC population. However, according to the report, 50.6% of all persons stopped were black, 33% were Hispanic, and only 12.9% were white. As you can see, more than half of the individuals who were stopped were black, 62.7% to be exact (ACLU, 2013). In Orange County, California Latinos, Asians and African Americans were more than 90% of the 20,221 men and women in the Gang Reporting Evaluation and Tracking System (ACLU, 2013). Clearly this database record shows racial profiling occurred when the total population in the database made up less than half of Orange County’s population. This is when the California Advisory Committee of the  U.S. Commission on Civil Rights and the ACLU stepped in. One other instance of racial profiling I’d like to discuss occurred in Maricopa County, Arizona. A court ruled in May 2013 that â€Å"sheriff Joe Arpaio’s routine handling of people of Latino descent amounted to racial and ethnic profiling†; according to CNN, the sheriff’s office had a history of targeting vehicles with those having darker skin, examining them more strictly and taking them into custody more often than others (CNN, 2014). Judge Murray Snow ordered a monitor to oversee retraining in this office and to create a community advisory board to prevent further racial profiling; retraining and monitoring the sheriff’s office will cost the county $21,943,107 over the next year and a half (CNN, 2014). As you can see from the information above, racial profiling is still an issue in present America. In today’s policing environment especially, race relations is one of the most important issues and challenges; to the point of state legislatures contemplating bans on racial profiling, mandate data collection, require police officer training, make funds available for video cameras in police cars and other measures to help put a stop to racial profiling (Portis, E., 2001). Issues/Problems a. Why racial profiling is an issue b. What problems have resulted from racial profiling i. Death c. What problems have occurred because of racial profiling II. Racial Profiling the Law a. Past/Present laws on racial profiling in Michigan i. House Bill 4927- Racial sensitivity training retrain officers guilty of racial profiling, along with instructing Michigan’s attorney general’s office to investigate stop search patterns (Police Foundation, 2005). b. Past/Present court cases in Michigan c. Public attention i. Racial profiling costing Arizona $22 million – to retrain officers and monitor the retraining (CNN, 2014). III. Conclusion a. Solutions to racial profiling i. Retraining police departments Sources: American Civil Liberties Union [ACLU]. (2014). Racial Profiling: Definition. Retrieved February 21, 2014 from: https://www.aclu.org/racial-justice/racial-profiling-definition CNN US. (2014). Racial profiling costs Arizona county $22 million. Retrieved February 21, 2014 from: http://www.cnn.com/2014/01/03/us/racial-profiling-payments/ Portis, Ervin. (2005). Racial Profiling: The State of the Law. Retrieved February 20, 2014 from: http://www.ethicsinstitute.com/pdf/Racial%20Profiling%20State%20Laws.pdf Rushing, Keith. (2013). Dissecting the Long, Deep, Roots of Racial Profiling in America. Retrieved February 20, 2014 from: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/keith- rushing/dissecting-racial-profiling_b_2740246.html

Planning a Classroom for Preschool Children

Planning a Classroom for Preschool Children Brandy McCauley Plan and Grade levels addressed Preschool: The purpose of this early education program is to promote an environment and atmosphere appropriate for a childs development. Preschool/General Subject 18-22 Students I have a wide varied of students. English speaker, Spanish Speakers, new your children and southern children,, My approach to classroom management is to have a fun, safe, and healthy learning environment for my children. I have found that when you include your children in decisions, it teaches them to make the better choice than to misbehave and be disciplined. Classroom rules should be created by the educator and the students in the classroom on the first day of school. Some teachers set their own rules for the kids to follow, but it is good if the children are involved in making the rules. If the rules were agreed upon by everybody in the class, each of them will feel the responsibility of their own actions. Carrying out the rules daily is necessary for them to be reminded and their obedience to the rules to be established. It is important that the rules be set in their hearts and minds and this will be achieved by applying it daily until it becomes a part of their daily routine in the classroom. Create and follow a daily classroom schedule. When children get use to a schedule they know what is coming next and can prepare themselves for the next step. When I can organize my classroom and make my material easily accessible for myself and the children in class, I am able to prepare and gather my materials for that day in a timely manner. Expecting preschoolers to sit diligently and wait for me to cut out patterns and collect supplies for an art activity is not going to happen. I have learned from previous experiences and I will have an emergency activity planned and ready. That way if something comes up I am ready to handle it. Having all of your materials prepped and ready to go will prevent the kids in my class from getting bored and acting up. This will allow transition time to run smoothly. Providing simple activities such as games, stories, songs, and coloring sheets will reduce mayhem. Rules and Expectations In my classroom, my children and I sit down at the beginning of the year and brainstorm to create a set of rules that we agree upon and expectations that we all can accomplish. Hands are for helping-we use loving touches. Keeping hands to your self is always nice. Cleaning up our toys is fun to do. Washing our hands- keeps germs away. Stop, Look, and Listen to your teacher. (Keeping rules positive encourage children to be positive) Roles students have in the classroom I have a bulletin board in my classroom that has daily responsibilities. Line leader, helper for paper towels, crayons, and activity books. The children take their colored Velcro butterfly and put them under the one that they want to take their turn at. Each week every child gets to do at least one responsibility, this also helps with taking turns. This is good for all children because it helps them to develop responsibilities and helps them develop self-esteem and awareness of themselves and others. The idea for a print rich environment is for children to be engaged in significant learning, either alone or with their peers. When children work in centers they learn and develop new skills such as, the ability to share with peers and engaging with each other by developing better knowledge of the spoken and written language. â€Å"Customize and personalize learning activities to address students’ diverse learning styles, working strategies, and abilities using digital tools and resources† (ISTE, 2.C). Roles you play in the classroom The teacher must be hands-on in her approach to efficient instruction, classroom supervision, and positive performance. As the teacher, I will be actively moving around the room, helping, correcting, answering, encouraging, smiling, correcting, caring, and showing children steps, procedures, and lessons. Implementation plan: My classroom arrangement and order Effective management of classrooms should use these procedures so that the children can function in class properly. â€Å"Learning occurs only when students are actively engaged and in control of their own learning.† (Wong, 2009, p167). â€Å"If a classroom is not properly organized to support the type of schedule and activities a teacher has planned, it can impede the functioning of the day as well as limit what and how students learn. However, a well-arranged classroom environment is one way to more effectively manage instruction because it triggers fewer behavior problems and establishes a climate conducive to learning.†(Weinstein, 1992). The materials and equipment available for young childrens use should reflect their ethnic backgrounds, cultural families, and communities. Recordings, books, posters, recipes, signs, and dress-up clothes and props reflect these diverse children backgrounds and home languages. These materials match the individual, group association a nd developmental skills and interests of the children. Creative room arrangement promotes a childs positive self-image and encourages a wide variety of age appropriate activities. Organized centers help children develop a sense of play, responsibility, and cleanup procedures. Children want sufficient indoor space so that they can play and learn in a safe loving environment. Appropriate furnishings need to meet the demands of their daily schedules. It is important to keep children’s arts, crafts, stories, and doodles at their eye level so that they can see it on display everyday and this can create and promote positive feelings and self esteem. This work being on display for everyone to see can promote good valued and appreciated greater esteem in them self..All of the needs described above provides an environment that supports developmentally appropriate practices. My children are able to choose their centers with their butterflies. Each child has color coded butterflies that match their cubbyholes, jacket rack, table and chair an d a Velcro butterfly that they can attach to the center or activity they have chosen for that time frame. This is how my children choose between their centers and learn to make decisions from a variety of choices. It’s important that I choose names for the interest areas that make sense to children and are easy for them to identify. All of my areas are appropriate for my two, three, and four year olds. â€Å"Promote, support, and model creative and innovative thinking and inventiveness†. (ISTE,1.A). This area is specifically designed to support language development because children can communicate their ideas to others vocally, or visually on the paper or board. The activity or experience that the children can specifically be engaged in block construction of different types while developing language skills by communicating with teachers and peers. While discovering this area they can also use the poster cues and print rich environment to enhance vocabulary. The role of the teacher will be to assist in providing and developing conversation while building. The effectiveness of this area on language development will be assessed on the amount of interactions between children. The art/easel area is set up with three easels in a circle with posters on the surrounding walls. The area supports language development by encouraging the children to show their work and discuss what their drawings. The posters and wall art provide inspiration to the children and their imaginations. The childr en can specifically be engaged in activities designed to encourage language and communication while in the middle of creative and imaginative artwork. The role of the teacher will be to encourage children to take in their surroundings to develop emotional ties to their artwork and in return communication to others will be enhanced. The effectiveness of this area on language development is determined by an explanation of their work. The learning area is set up with a few different components, including an alphabet tree, a kidney table with label rich environment, a learning wall that has daily routines, rules, calendar, weather, and white board, along with carpet squares so that each child has their own space to sit. This area supports language development because as a class, the information on the wall is provided and reviewed along with adding letters to the tree as they are discovered. The experience that the children can specifically be engaged in considers the educational learni ng activities that allow children knowledge of letters, months, weather, etc. When discovering all of the previously mentioned lessons, children can communicate with each other. The role of the teacher will be to facilitate the discovering process. The effectiveness of this area on language development will be accessed by listening to the children teach each other and communicate what they have been reviewing. My classroom walking paths allow children and adults to move comfortably throughout the room. The pathways are defined with the layout equipment. In my classroom I have 6 centers set up and during the morning play, the children can choose from 3. During the evening play they have a choice of the other 3. I have designed several different play centers. The kitchen center has a wooden, three piece set that is durable and safe for children to lean on and play with. The block center has both foam and wooden blocks. It also has large legos so that the children are given the opportunity to learn to put all types of blocks together or build things with. The next center is family living, where I have a child size church jacket, a dress, an apron, and career sets, such as medical kit, vet supplies, teaching clip board, a construction hat, and an army hat. Also in that area is baby dolls and stuffed animals. I have a center for matchbox cars, which includes many cars, a race track, wooden traf fic signs, a garage, and a neighborhood rug to play on. I have a center designed for science that includes dinosaurs, plastic animals, classroom board books, large magnets, and oil and water bottles. My last center is my lounge area. I have a child-sized plastic pool with pillows that include a shelf with puppets, books, and stuffies. All of my areas are appropriate for my two, three, and four year olds. The materials that I have placed in my early childhood program have been chosen carefully to ensure that they are developmentally appropriate and that they support young children’s interests, cultural backgrounds, and their developmental stages and abilities. By creating and implementing a learning environment means careful planning for the start of the school year. The learning environment must be envisioned in both a physical space and a cognitive space. My program is designed to provide a positive experience to all children and their families, where their economic, cultural, and educational diversity is valued. Classroom Layout References Decker, C., Decker, J., Freeman, N., and Knorpf, H. (2009). Planning and administering early childhood programs (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson International Society for Technology in Education. ISTE Standards Teachers. Retrieved from http://www.iste.org/docs/pdfs/20-14_ISTE_Standards-T_PDF.pdf Newman, R. (2013). Teaching and learning in the 21st century: Connecting the dots. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Puckett, K (2013). Differentiating Instruction: A Practical Guide. Bridgepoint Education: San Diego, CA. Read, M. A., Sugawara, A. I., Brandt, J. A. (1999). Impact of space and color in the physical environment on preschool childrens cooperative behavior. Environment Behavior, 31(3), 413-428. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00139169921972173 Weinstein, C. S. (1992). Designing the instructional environment: Focus on seating. Retrieved from: http://education.odu.edu/esse/docs/classroomenvironments.pdf Wong, H. K., Wong, R. T. (2009). The first days of school: How to be an effective teacher. Mountainview, CA: Harry K. Wong Publications.

Critical report: Anybody’s Son Will Do Essay --

In Gwynne Dyer’s article â€Å"Anybody’s Son Will Do†, the conversion of civilians to killers is being explained in stages. This articles focuses more on male psychology and malleable people. The author’s belief is that people can be easily brainwashed if they are put in constant stress. To support this idea, the author gives examples of military training around the world which psychologically destroys individual values and loyalties and rebuilds them to make combat troops that will do exactly what has been ordered and defend his groups to the death. The soldiers are first trained in basic level where they are motivated to destroy their individualities and build comradeship amongst the men. The bond is so important among men because when they are in battle, they have to fight for eachother. In the beginning of the basic training, the recruits are all worn out. The training is being done in an island where they are conscripted to do what is being told by the drill instructor without question. Neither they can leave, nor they can communicate much with the outside world. Basic training is basically about giving mental and physical pressure to create motivation. In the first three days, the recruits are being hustled, yelled, and shouted. They learn the basic orders of drill that enable them to work in large groups. They have to surrender their clothes, cut their hair, cut their physical evidence of individuality citizen identity. The recruits sleep aside a series of hasty rituals and given no time to reflect or to look back and th ink about their families, friends. So that the recruits donot backout, the frantic bustle of forming is set. The creation of an environment that romanticizes the milita... ...e brutal and harsh ways that are used in military to change people into killers seems inappropriate to me. To become a soldier, right methods can be applied as well. It is disturbing to read that the recruiters treated the recruits in such an inhuman way. They are also humans that donot deserve to be treated in such an awful way. The author argues women are also malleable to become soldiers which is right. But for women, inorder to become powerful, they have to show more willing, masculinity, and aggression like men. Yet again, the author puts another question – What causes war? I think it is because of social distribution of power. Throughout the ancient military culture, mens are already inclined to kill or die. The primitive culture where men had to be a warrior to protect tribes from natural disasters or wild animals or anything still affects civilization today.

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Well Class of 2012, we did it! We are graduating. All the hard work we have done to graduate has paid off. All the final exams, the many steps we've taken up and down Gadd High's halls, to the gym for practice, up to the cafeteria to connect with friends, down to the library, up to the playing fields -- they're all over. After today, our lives will be changed forever. Before that happens, let's take a look at the last four years of memories and even go back to those memories from our elementary and middle school years and collect them into a book; our own book, our book of life. If, some day, people could read our individual book, what would they learn from them? Have you ever read a book you just couldn't put down? A book that was so exciting and interesting that you couldn't wait to see what happened next. Our lives are like chapters in that type of book. Each chapter is unique and special in its own way. Our lives represent the most exciting book we'll ever read. In fact, we should hope that our book becomes more exciting and interesting with each new day, that we read faster a...

Graduation Speech: Be Perfect in Christ Jesus :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

As I was pondering what to speak about tonight, I started thinking about what has been the main influence in my school experience. I realized that what has shaped me most has been my teachers. What is a teacher? After 13 years of school, believe me, I have an extremely good idea of what a teacher is. Two teachers began to teach me, my father and my mother. The poet Ann Taylor wrote, "Who taught my infant lips to pray, And love God’s holy book and day, And walk in wisdom’s pleasant way? My Mother." This year as we were challenged to give our hearts to God and our minds to our teachers, we learned more of their goals to see us grow as Jesus did in wisdom, stature and favor with both God and man. Col. 1:28 encourages teachers to warn and teach in all wisdom to present each man perfect in Christ Jesus. Mr. Murry’s attitude "For Jesus" led the way for other teachers. Who could forget Mr. Jones' daily quotes? "Whatever you say, Mr. Livesay" was a rhyming line. Mrs. Bears, a Spanish translator for the court system, was able to translate her students’ effort to learn a foreign language. Mrs. Gabby said Yearbook/Marketing Media was her favorite class this year. Of course it was her only class. The firefighting stories of Mr. Doof caught our attention. The musical Mrs. Buyers and artistic Mrs. Williams pulled off an outdoor Christmas program, and Mrs. Sholer , in the midst of planning her son’s wedding, found the time to take her PE class on a volleyball field trip. Looking back from this past year to my earlier school days, one of the teachers that boldly stands out in my memory is Mrs. Miner. No one else has named me as her daughter, Joanie Miller. While at Grace Academy, art class at the end of the day with Mrs. Frisk still makes my sides ache from giggling. During the days when there were no art classes, Mr. Peterson’s enthusiasm for hockey brightened the gymnasium, as he and my father practiced rapid-fire slapshots on some unsuspecting ninth grader. But, through all the memories, I was trying to think of one characteristic of teachers that has shown through the many years. I thought about their dedication, patience and guidance but decided that these wouldn’t do.

Best Friend Becomes Enemy

Best friend becomes enemy. It was first day of summer. School almost finished. It was sunny and windy day. I was happy that school almost finished. My friend and I were sitting at the park. We were planning how to spend this long summer. George, my friend, gave me many plans for this summer but I didn’t agree with him. He was a lazy gay. His plan was: sleep till 11 a. m. , and then play video games till 5 p. m. and then go to sleep. He says that this must continue every day. I didn’t like it and gave him some advices for summer.My plan for summer was: Find a good job and work there for two month, and then if we collect our money, we can buy whatever you want. He didn’t like my plan but he agreed. We found a job. Our job was in restaurant. They were giving us $10 per hour. We like it and started work there. It was hard to work there. I was a cashier and my friend was dishwasher. He had a very easy job but he tells me it is hard. He quit restaurant but I still was working there. One month passed and I already collected $3,600. I could do what I want with that money but I save it. I spent just $600 for eating. I continued my job with restaurant.Another month also passed and now I had $6,600. I didn’t know what to do with this money. I could bring my whole family to US. I could start my own business with my father. I could do what I want with this money. I quit restaurant because of my father. There were two reasons why I quit restaurant. First was: School year almost started and I need to prepare for school. And second reason was: my father thought that I will stop study at school while I am working in restaurant. So I quit restaurant. I was sad bud I had too much money for this two month and it was one of the best summer I had ever.One day I was going to Safeway to buy bread. I saw George at restaurant with his girlfriend and he was showing his muscles to her. I walk through there and sat with them. They were talking about how they spe nt their summer. George lied to her that he was working at restaurant and will give present to her when school will start. I left restaurant and didn’t want to talk with George anymore and I come back said â€Å"a layer†. His girlfriend also left restaurant. I felt bad to George. I bought bread from Safeway. While I was walking to home I found a place where I can linger. I found a park which I didn’t know.I sat on grass because there was no place to sit. I was nervous and really nervous. I came home and there was a note from my mother. I looked for it and there was written like that: â€Å"don’t worry Jack; I will come back at 11 p. m. †. For that moment I started to worry. My phone rang and it was strange number which I didn’t know. I answered for the phone and there was strange voice. Strange man said: -â€Å"Are you Jack? † -â€Å"Yes, it is me† -â€Å"Your mother is here† -â€Å"Where? † -â€Å"In my houseâ⠂¬  – Who are you? † -â€Å"I am not going to tell you. Now listen to me. You need to bring to me $10,000.And she will be safe. You have just 24 hours. † -â€Å"I don’t have $10,000† -â€Å"Ok, I will kill her. One, two† -â€Å"Ok. Stop, Stop!!! † -â€Å"24 hours† I didn’t know what to do know. I phoned to my father but he didn’t answer. I called to my brother but he also didn’t answered. I started to worry. How he took my mother? I was asking this question to myself many times. If he killed her. No, I need to have this money. I started to search from Interned how to make $4,000 for 24 hours. But nothing was there. Again I called my father and I told him that my mother is token by stranger and I need $4,000.He said â€Å"Hey jack keep calm I will send $4,000 you today and you will get it tomorrow†. Now I am relaxed. I went to look my $6,600. It was there. I played some video games and telephone rang. It was man who needs $10,000. -â€Å"Tomorrow at 8 a. m. at Mall. Your mother will be there and me too and don’t forget to bring money or she will be killed there. † -â€Å"Ok, don’t kill her. † I spent my whole time playing videogames but day was too long. I looked for mail and there was one box. I looked for it and there was money which my father sent to me yesterday. I was packing my money to be ready for tomorrow. I tried to spent my time bit it was too hard.I tried to sleep but I couldn’t because I was thinking about my mom. Is she good or not. Is she sick or not. I didn. t know anything about my mom but I will know it tomorrow. I woke up at 6 p. m. I wore my cloth and went to mall. There was one problem. I forgot my money which I packed yesterday. I went back again to home and took it. Now I was ready to go mall. I was in mall. I was waiting for a call. And suddenly phone rang. I took a phone and strange man said â€Å"I will be waiting for in Apple Store†. I went there and there were too many people. I saw my mom and George, my friend, near to her. He was holding a gun in his hand.And conversation began: -â€Å"Hey is it you George who wants money? † -â€Å"Yes, it is me† he said â€Å"Now give me my money†. I gave him $10,000 and he run away from mall . I didn’t call polis. I was happy that my mom safe. She was good and not sick. I wasn’t happy to George. He knew that I will make $7,200 from my job and I will get $2,800 somewhere. But it was ok. My mom was safe and it is important. I knew that he did it because I said to his girlfriend that he is layer and after this my mom was taken by him. I never thought that my best friend becomes my enemy. And I was unhappy because my summer was terrible.

Friedrich Nietzsche Philosophy Essay

Friedrich Willhelm Nietzsche, a German Philosopher of the mid 1800`s was Born 1844 and died after a long medical condition that was thoroughly investigated but with no found result in 1900. Nietzsche is most renowned for challenging the moral integrity of Christianity in the late 1800’s despite having grown up with a background and family history of Lutheran ministers; where his Father, Uncles and Grandfathers were all Ministers. This philosopher was the most outspoken on topics such as power, pain, culture and moral acts, and from that has influenced some of the most commonly known philosophers we know of today; such as Sigmund Freud. Nietzsche viewed evil or immoral acts as â€Å"self-consciousness, free will and either/or bipolar thinking† (Curry, B. (2008). The Perspectives of Nietzsche. Retrieved from http://www.pitt.edu/-wbcurry/nietzsche.html). Nietzsche believed that Evil is within and dependant upon the determinants that affect ones moral perception. Nietzsche view on evil came from a very passionate outlook on his world, on culture and of rights and freedoms. Nietzsche put it quite plainly when he said†¦ â€Å"Some moralities are more suitable for subordinate roles; some are more appropriate for dominating and leading social roles. What counts as a preferable and legitimate action depends upon the kind of person one is. The deciding factor is whether one is weaker, sicker and on the decline, or whether one is healthier, more powerful and overflowing with life† (Brandhorst, M. (2010). Naturalism and the Genealogy of Moral Institutions: Journal of Nietzsche Studies. Issue 40, p 5-28, 16p). Nietzsche particularly critiqued Christian and Kantian morality, related to these 2 moral components of which express cultural out casting of freedom of speech and natural free will. i. Presupposes three particular descriptive claims about the nature of human agents; pertaining (connecting) to free will, the transparency of the self, and the essential similarity of all people (â€Å"the Descriptive Component†); and/or ii. Embraces norms that harm the â€Å"highest men† while benefitting the â€Å"lowest† (â€Å"the Normative Component†) In this Nietzsche is explaining that (1†²) Hold agents responsible for their actions (2†²) Evaluate and â€Å"rank† the motives for which agents act (Brandhorst, M. (2010). Naturalism and the Genealogy of Moral Institutions: Journal of Nietzsche Studies. Issue 40, p 5-28, 16p). These views help support and defend Nietzsche’s logics on moral and psychological action: these precise opinions and views influenced one of the most famous Psychologists, Sigmund Freud. In Nietzsche’s first historical writings during the early 1870’s he was merely a student studying and exploring philosophical logic and legislations of his time. With an opinionated and different perspective of immoral acts than the culture surrounding him he took initiative in making his own decisions of what was right and what was wrong. In his first published writings The Birth of Tragedy (1872) it showed his advocating view for cultural adversity; though it was deeply put down by other scholars renowned for sharing Christian based opinions of that era, Nietzsche continued to express his abrasive view against unethical stringent laws (Robertson, S. (2009). Nietzsche’s Ethical Revaluation: Journal of Nietzsche Studies; Issue 37, pp 66-90). This philosopher indulged himself in cultural adversity, interacting with music, nature, sciences and exploration of other cultures and religions. Nietzsche counter acted with the book Human, All-Too-Human (1878) (Robertson, S. (2009). Nietzsche’s Ethical Revaluation: Journal of Nietzsche Studies; Issue 37, pp 66-90) that gave him a name and furthered his career, this book touched on health and the idea of hedonistic ideas in regards to pleasure and pain relevance amongst cultural and physiological phenomena. Nietzsche is a naturalist expanding on views related to animals, earth, air, wind, fire, body touching on illogical ideas of, especially, the Christian based religion. Nietzsche was very passionate and outspoken towards Christianity however that was not his only passionate topic. The power behind Germany in the late 1860’s due to wars prior and present were a huge influence for him as the shift of legislations due to new authority was erratically changing Germany, most notably, Politically, Economically and Culturally (Osborn, R. E. (2010). Nihilism’s Conscience: On Nietzsche’s Politics of Aristocratic Radicalism. Modern age; Vol. 52 Issue 4, p 293-308). Therefore the idea that Germany could be altered so quickly not only enraged Friedrich Nietzsche but empowered him in his righteousness as an open minded scholar and as the next generation of Germany. This shift in Germany’s political system greatly affected Nietzsche’s era, and as a passionate advocate for freedom in culture Nietzsche felt compelled to speak out against the evil of which was the becoming of Germany. In conclusion Nietzsche’ views on evil were that to have bad moral or to act in an evil way, it is an act of conscious natural behavior. He believed that Evil is within and dependant upon the determinants that affect ones moral perception. Friedrich Nietzsche was in his prime during the change of an era in Germany’s political, societal and religious systems and was compelled to stand for what he believed in. It is extremely interesting that during the early 1870’s the new King Otto von Bismarck introduced healthcare, social security and a rise in socialism to promote the economic deficit and reduce potential hierarchy, however advocated anti-socialist laws (Palante, G. (2009, June 1st). Historical Philosophical Forum. Vol. 40 Issue 2 p265-273, 8p). The anti socialist laws were created to shift the power of the Social Democratic Party (SDP) which stood for Civil and Political rights in an open society. Bismarck also reduced the affiliations and influence of the political system on Catholics; making Catholicism a growing religion that was before the early 1870’s mostly Christian based. This seems to have been a huge influence on Nietzsche as his first book, The Birth of Tragedy (1872) was based upon open society and cultural adversity. This history of Germany is so significant due to the shift in power of the church, beginning at the attempt to stop the SDP after they had just begun in 1875 in the German Parliament as a Christian based society; immediately shifting the change from Christian to Catholicism (Palante, G. (2009, June 1st). Historical Philosophical Forum. Vol. 40 Issue 2 p265-273, 8p) this provoked outrage as this meant less freedom of choice for citizens. Although Friedrich Nietzsche far from advocated Christianity, the shift of religion affected him as this meant a cultural change amongst his peers. It greatly fuelled further writings based upon honest questions surrounding concepts that drain life’s energies. These strong views are now known as ‘Nietzschean affirmation’ expanding on Nietzsche profound writing based around existentialism; Friedrich Nietzsche along with Sà ¸ren Kierkegaard (1813–1855) were the two philosophers renowned for doing so in the late 1800’s (Palante, G. (2009, June 1st). Historical Philosophical Forum. Vol. 40 Issue 2 p265-273, 8p). Existentialism is a term used by philosophical thinkers expressing that one’s life affirmation, one’s existence is determined by ones self. Despite life’s distractions and obstacles it is ones choice to live passionately, with sincere moral integrity as best as possible. This further supports how Nietzsche’s opposing thoughts towards empiricism of which means ones moral integrity is derived from senses and experience, however socially prevalent those views might have been by Germany, Nietzsche still profoundly opposed them. In books such as Daybreak: Reflections on Moral Prejudices, 1881 (Morgenrà ¶te. Gedanken à ¼ber die moralischen Vorurteile) (Osborn, R. E. (2010). Nihilism’s Conscience: On Nietzsche’s Politics of Aristocratic Radicalism. Modern age; Vol. 52 Issue 4, p 293-308), Nietzsche’s most memorable, clearest, and intimate volumes, expressing many social-psychological insights and cultural relativity using Christian Based moral evaluations as reflections on good and evil. There were several books to follow Daybreak in the late 1880’s, Thus Spoke Zarathustra (1883–85) and Ecce Homo (1888); this volume expressed the deepest of understanding power, humans and moral behaviors. Friedrich Nietzsche’s crusade against morality had begun and he followed up with The Gay Science (Die frà ¶hliche Wissenschaft, 1882) (Osborn, R. E. (2010). Nihilism’s Conscience: On Nietzsche’s Politics of Aristocratic Radicalism. Modern age; Vol. 52 Issue 4, p 293-308) a book in which Nietzsche becomes famous for his existential ideas pertaining the existence of life. In this book I believe Nietzsche was encouraging the citizens of Germany to speak out against the injustice towards freedom and lack of moral integrity that the German political system was advocating. As Nietzsche’s world changed around him he felt more and more compelled to change it, standing by his own philosophical views and taking his life into his hands; becoming a martyr for the freedom of speech and cultural adversity that he so dearly believed in. Nietzsche felt very patiently towards open culture as well as freedom and this era of Germany was a huge influence on his work as it was a significant shift in decisions set by the new acclaimed authority. The Battle of good and evil is a constant in a world with no balance and a constant struggle of power. Friedrich Nietzsche so profoundly advocated freedom and cultural adversity, in which has inspired leading figures in all walks of cultural life, including dancers, poets, novelists, painters, psychologists, philosophers, sociologists and social revolutionaries; however there is always a power working against that and thus the problems that were his era are still amongst us. Until people accept others and are willing to live with respect to cultural adversity then there will always be evil immoral versus good moral. Throughout the history of any sovereignty there is a constant battle for power, beliefs and cultural relativity. Friedrich Nietzsche stood for freedom of choice and through his passionate writings did so very well; however as Nietzsche has expressed so dearly it is within ones choice to act with moral integrity based upon there perception of good and evil. These are the choices that affect us daily and round us as individuals; personally I have faced immoral decisions and it is in those moments, that you do not always realize at once, the affect that decision can have on another. In agreement with Friedrich Nietzsche, to recognize and feel remorse in your conscious or subconscious decision is what differentiates good and evil. For instance, contemporarily when you are in a delicate discussion of religion amongst peers of various cultural background I have to think open-mindedly with conscious acceptance to the reasoning behind cultural and religious background before making a judgmental statement. As well as Politics in Canada is directed for different groups of people, as politics usually is, so immediately there is a divide in Canada’s cultural, ethnic, and working class; because it is in the current political power to protect Canada’s Economic, Environmental or Social well-being. There is no balance and I believe without balance in a person, country or cultural group there cannot be a sustainable approach to good and evil; there is always a stretch for that much more power on any side, affecting moral. References Brandhorst, M. (2010). Naturalism and the Genealogy of Moral Institutions: Journal of Nietzsche Studies. Issue 40, p 5-28, 16p. Curry, B. (2008). The Perspectives of Nietzsche. Retrieved from http://www.pitt.edu/-wbcurry/nietzsche.html. Osborn, R. E. (2010). Nihilism’s Conscience: On Nietzsche’s Politics of Aristocratic Radicalism. Modern age; Vol. 52 Issue 4, p 293-308. Palante, G. (2009, June 1st). Historical Philosophical Forum. Vol. 40 Issue 2 p265-273, 8p. Robertson, S. (2009). Nietzsche’s Ethical Revaluation: Journal of Nietzsche Studies; Issue 37, pp 66-90.

Colloquial English Grammar

Estonian Business School Institute of Foreign Languages GRAMMAR OF SPOKEN ENGLISH Term Paper By Maria Esko BBL-2 Supervisor: Ludmilla Podolski Tallinn 2012 Table of Contents Introduction3 Common Features of Spoken English4 Grammar Characteristics7 Clause Combination7 Position of items8 Pausing, Repeating and Recasting8 Organising the discourse9 Ellipsis9 Response Tokens10 Vague Expressions11 Headers and Tails11 Conclusion12 References13 Introduction In the business world, communication is vital for creating new networks and acquiring important business partners.Communication is the activity of conveying information. Effective communication skills can be considered the key to success. I have chosen to investigate English spoken language in order to clarify what spoken English grammar is. As a non-native speaker I consider learning spoken grammar incredibly important in order to understand the other party. The communication process can be considered successfully completed only when the listener has understood the message of the speaker. The fact that speaking and writing are different is quite obvious.The studies of the spoken English grammar have been neglected for a long time, since it was considered as confusing and full of mistakes. Development of technology has made it possible to analyse spoken language more thoroughly. Therefore many fascinating facts about spoken Grammar have arisen. In this paper I will use the term spoken grammar in the meaning of colloquial English. The characteristics of formal English speaking, e. g. prepared speeches are not analysed in this term paper. This paper gives an overview of the main features of the grammar of spoken English.The differences between spoken and written English are supplied with illustrations. In the conclusion the overall characteristics of the grammar of spoken English have been summarised. Common Features of Spoken English Is there any grammar in spoken English? To answer this question I have to define the overall meaning of grammar. According to Encyclopaedia Britannica the term grammar in a restricted sense refers only to the study of sentence and word structure (syntax and morphology), excluding vocabulary and pronunciation.Although language is the same the grammar of spoken English may differ since following the grammar rules during a conversation is time consuming and unnatural. When spoken language is observed in more detail it also has patterns and specific structures which may be considered as the grammar of spoken language. During a conversation we do not have much time to think what we are about to say and can not plan our speech in advance (excluding some special cases). While listening to a recorded speech it feels normal, fluent and easy to follow. On the other hand, when put on paper it is rather difficult to understand.However it gives an opportunity to notice some specific features of colloquial English language, such as silent pauses, voice filled pauses, repetitions , false starts, discourse markers(small words or fixed phrases used to indicate the beginning or the end of an idea) and short forms (Leech, Svartvik, 2002). Specific features mostly have a contextual meaning for the listener and can indicate different changes in the subject of the conversation. In this paper the term Spoken English language is understood in a narrow sense. It only includes the colloquial English and face-to-face interactions.Prepared speeches and other types of formal English speaking are not taken into account and are not discussed in the given work. In the figure below are presented the seven most typical conditions operating in real-time conversation. These features best describe why spoken language is so difficult to put in writing. Figure 1: Seven conditions operating in conversation (Leech, n. d. , figure 2) Further is given an example of a conversation which illustrates the conditions generally operating in a conversation. It will be later analysed and used as an example for various items of spoken grammar.Four speakers are sitting at the dinner table talking about a car accident that happened to the father of one of the speakers. At the end of this sequence they switch to another topic. I’ll just take that off and Have you got hold of it? are references to a large pan which is on the dinner table. The = sign indicates an utterance which is cut short The + sign indicates an interrupted turn which continues at the next + sign A: I’ll just take that off. Take that off. B: All looks great. C: [laughs] B: Mm. C: Mm. B: I think your dad was amazed wasn’t he at the damage.A: Mm. B: It’s not so much the parts. It’s the labor charges for= D: Oh that. For a car. B: Have you got hold of it? A: Yeah. B: It was a bit erm= A: Mm. C: Mm. B: A bit. A: That’s right. B: I mean they said they’d have to take his car in for two days. And he said all it is is straightening a panel. And they’re like, à ¢â‚¬ËœOh no. It’s all new panel. You can’t do this’. C: Any erm problem. B: As soon as they hear insurance claim. Oh. Let’s get it right. C: Yeah. Yeah. Anything to do with+ A: Wow. C: +coach work is er+ A: Right. C: +fatal isn’t it. A: Now.As can be seen in the example taken from Cambridge Grammar of English a comprehensive guide spoken and written English Grammar and usage (Carter, McCarthy, 2006, 165), understanding of the text depends on the context and the immediate situation. Example shows some of the units that can be frequently encountered in spoken grammar, such as indeterminate structures ellipted forms, incomplete structures, subordinate clauses not obviously connected to any particular main clause, interrupted structures with other speaker contributions intervening, words whose grammatical class is unclear.Conversation happens in real time and is spontaneous, therefore speakers make mistakes and we can observe common features of spoken grammar. Some sentences are confusing and hard to understand because we do not have the knowledge of the shared background of the conversation. It is difficult to represent speech in writing so that the reader could easily follow the written conversation. In order to do so there have to be made many remarks to explain what the speaker means. In real-time conversations emotions and vocal intonations are important to understand the speaker.Moreover, it is difficult to determine when the sentence starts and when it ends. This conversation is meant to illustrate precisely what is analysed in the term paper. Spoken Language and Interpersonal Communication In this paper only one part of spoken English will be discussed which is colloquial English. It is an informal interpersonal communication and has its own peculiarities. Conversations are typically carried out in face-to-face interaction with others. They are tied to the participants and the immediate situation. Speakers usually share a common contextual ackground and exchange meanings rather than the content of the message. Meanings will vary depending on the specific social, cultural and institutional knowledge (Biber, Conrad, Leech, 2002, 428). Grammar Characteristics Spoken language and written language coexist. They are not divided sharply but have many different characteristics. Therefore the grammar of colloquial English differs from the written one. There are many differences that could be mentioned; however, due to the limitation of space they remain outside the scope of this paper, which gives a brief overview of the main features of spoken English.Clause Combination In spoken English it is typical when the hierarchy of clauses in sentences is in discord. In real-time communication the speaker is not able to construct over-elaborate patterns of main and subordinate clauses. Usual are sequences of clauses connected by coordinating conjunctions (Carter, McCarthy, 2006, 170). Conjunctions are a grammatical resource to link text. In speech coordinating conjunctions are more frequent than in writing. Coordination is less empathic and more vague, which is characteristic of speech (Leech, Svartvik, 1983).Often subordinate clauses are used by one of the speakers to maintain the conversation or to give additional comments. They often occur after a pause to give evaluation to what have been said. Sometimes clauses â€Å"blend† in a sentence it happens when the beginning of a sentence is different from how it was completed. This syntactic structure is common in spoken language and is easily understood by the listener. (Carter, McCarthy, 2006, 171): Well, no, Melanie’s actually still a student and she still has ten hours of lectures a week, so she works in McDonald’s in her spare time cos she needs the money and she works in McDonald’s in Hatfield†¦.Subordinate clauses: A: So I turned round and chased after him. B: Just as I would have done. Clausal blend: They ’ve nearly finished all the building work, hasn’t it? Position of items Spontaneous speech often requires adjustments to be made according to the communicative needs. Therefore it is natural when the speaker changes the position of items in a sentence in order to help the listener to the understand information better (Carter, McCarthy, 2006, 172). In colloquial English subject-verb inversion often takes place.In informal speech it helps to emphasise the subject (Leech, Svartvik, 1983): B: I think your dad was amazed wasn’t he at the damage. Pausing, Repeating and Recasting There are two types of pauses: unfilled and filled. Unfilled pauses are just silent and quite short. They often indicate a change in the direction or the subject of the conversation. Filled pauses are marked by vocalisations, such as er, erm, uh or uhm. These marks can indicate a shift in the topic or that the speaker has not yet finished talking and is thinking of the best way to continue (Ca rter, McCarthy, 2006, 172).Repetition and recasting are very common in colloquial speech. When answering a question by repeating words or phrases the speaker can get some more time to think. Usually repetition occurs at the beginning of an utterance or clause. Recasting is normal in real-time speaking. It happens due to the fact that the speaker is talking very fast and needs to reformulate words or phrases (Carter, McCarthy, 2006, 173-174): I spoke to her last night†¦well, she’s not going to take the job. It was, er, the director, wasn’t it? I, I’m, I’m not sure he’ll he’ll be able to arrange that at such short notice.Organising the discourse Spoken language seems quite unorganised. However, speakers often use specific words and structures to indicate how the speech will continue. For example items such as anyway, okay, right, I mean, so, now, etc. These items are named discourse markers. Structurally these markers do not belong to cla uses (Carter, McCarthy, 2006, 174-175). One of the more frequent discourse markers in spoken English is like it is used to mark direct speech (Adolphs, Carter, 2003): Right, we’d better try to phone and see what they have to report.And they’re like, ‘Oh no. It’s all new panel. You can’t do this’. Ellipsis Ellipsis is the absence of elements required by the grammar. However the message doesn’t suffer and missing parts can be understood from the context. In most conversations ellipsis can be classified as initial ellipsis and final ellipsis in some cases also medial ellipsis takes place. In initial ellipsis, words at the beginning of the sentence are dropped, in correspondence in the medial ellipsis in the middle and in the final ellipsis at the end of a sentence (Biber, Conrad, Leech, 2002, 441-443).Also ellipsis can be categorised situational, textual or structural (Carter, McCarthy, 2006, 181): Initial ellipsis: Didn’t know tha t film was on tonight. – I is omitted. Final ellipsis: A: I suppose Kathy is still living in that same place. B: Yeah, she is. – living in that same place omitted Medial ellipsis: Yeah dude, I’ gotta start working. – instead of I have got to Ellipsis is highly characteristic of spontaneous speech. During a conversation speakers need to reduce syntactic complexity due to real-time pressures.Ellipsis also takes place when avoiding unnecessary repetition and giving fast responses to other speakers (Biber, Conrad, Leech, 2002, 441). Response Tokens Response tokens are very common in spoken language. These are some adjectives and adverbs used to give quick and clear response to the speaking partner and to show that the user is listening and understands what is said to him. Such words include absolutely, definitely, great, fine, good, really. Some words have an association with a particular context. For example fine is used when making arrangements and reaching decisions.Response tokens help the listener to give quick feedback to the speaker, which is very convenient in case of a conversation (Carter, McCarthy, 2006, 188-189): C: Yeah. Yeah. Anything to do with+ A: Wow. C: +coach work is er+ A: Right. C: +fatal isn’t it. A: Now. Vague Expressions Speakers tend to avoid aggressive or authoritative language and in order to sound polite and to soften the language vague expressions are used. The most common are stuff, like, anything, kind, whatever, sort of, etc. Vague expressions soften the information and often are used before some accurate or precise information (Carter, McCarthy, 2006, 202-203).Sometimes these expressions are overused by the speaker: Between then and like nineteen eighty four I just spent the whole time, I mean for that whole sort of twelve year period or whatever, erm I was just working with just lots and lots of different people. Headers and Tails Headers and tails are very common features of spoken language. The y rarely occur in written English and seem very strange. A header occurs in a sentence where an item within a clause structure is placed before the clause and repeated in the clause itself. In other words the header stands in the initial position.Most typically header consists of a noun phrase and is followed by one or more pronouns. Headers are used by the speaker to help the listener to orientate in the facts (Carter, McCarthy, 2006, 192-193): The teacher with glasses, he seems very nice. Tails are similar to headers; the difference is that these items are placed outside the clause structure. Tails are also typically noun phrases. Their purpose is to clarify something mentioned in the main clause. Usually tails clarify or repeat the referent of a pronoun (Carter, McCarthy, 2006, 194-196): They’re incredibly nice, our neighbours.Conclusion In conclusion it is possible to say that English spoken language has grammar. However there is still much to be researched. The need to i nvestigate spoken grammar is important in order to improve the speaking skills. In world where communications are developing so rapidly, spoken language and the mastery of it is an empowering skill. Writing is practiced everywhere in the world but the art of conversation is practiced rarely (Brazil, 1995, 11). Spoken grammar highlights the contextual and interpersonal aspects of communications. It is an interactive process and usually it is quite rapid.Therefore speakers use different structures in order to give quick comments or answers. Those structures include response tokens and ellipsis. Often the speaker changes the position of items in order to help the listener to understand the topic. In order to make the speech softer and less authoritative speakers use vague expressions. During the conversation the speaker often looses track of thoughts and therefore pauses, repetitions and recasting help to combine new clause structures. Many other characteristics of the grammar of spoke n English can be named.The knowledge of the grammar of spoken English is important for business communications. People need the necessary skills to express themselves in a best possible way. Studying this subject will provide a better understanding of grammar as a whole and can be a source of new knowledge. References Adolphs, S. , Carter, R. , 2003, And she’s like it’s terrible, like: Spoken Discourse, Grammar and Corpus Analysis, International Journal of English Studies Biber, D. , Conrad, S. , Leech, G. , 2002, Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English, Edinburgh: Pearson Education Limited Brazil, D. 1995, A Grammar of speech. Oxford: Oxford University Press Carter R. , McCarthy m. , 2006, Cambridge Grammar of English a comprehensive guide spoken and written English Grammar and usage, Cambridge University Press Eggins, S. and D. Slade, 1996, Analyzing casual conversation. London: Cassell Leech G. , Svartvik J. , 1983, A communicative grammar of English, Moscow Prosveshchenie Leech G. , Svartvik J. , 2002, A communicative grammar of English 3d edition, London: Pearson ESL Leech, G. , n. d. , English Grammar in Conversation Lancaster: Lancaster University